Erosion of friable tephra deposits forming the Batok pyroclastic cone on the floor of Tengger caldera has created dramatic erosional furrows that reach from the summit to the base of the cone. Batok is one of the youngest of the post-caldera cones; charcoal from a scoria layer on the eastern flank of Batok was radiocarbon dated at about 360 years ago. Only the historically active cone of Bromo, from where this photo was taken, is younger.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1976.

Copyrighted image used with permission. All Rights Reserved. Contact photographer for any usage requests.

Tengger Caldera