Report for Manam
The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in webcam and satellite images during 26-28 October rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting E, SW, and W. The plumes were sometimes continuous, though weather clouds often obscured views.

Report for Langila
The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Langila was identified in satellite images on 28 October rising to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting WSW and W.

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 23-29 October. At 0139 on 23 October a dense gray ash plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NW. On 26 October a dense gray ash plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NE at 1305, and at 1710 that same day a loud booming sound was accompanied by a dense gray ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted NW. Dense gray ash plumes from eruptive events at 0700, 0736, 0956, and 1601 on 27 October rose 800-2,000 m above the summit and drifted NW and NE. According to a 28 October news article an Early Warning System (EWS) to detect lahars on the flanks became operational after final testing by BNPB. The EWS was comprised of sensor devices to detect river water levels in drainages, surveillance cameras (CCTV), and siren towers to notify the public to evacuate, spread across 23 installation locations. The locations were selected based on the results of a field mapping survey and evaluation of lahars that occurred in mid-May. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 18-24 October. Seismicity was more intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 206 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Two pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng as far as 1.5 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 3,077,000 cubic meters based a 24 October drone survey. The hottest temperature was around 243 degrees Celsius, similar to the previous measurement. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 23-29 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Iya
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that daily white emissions at Iya rose as high as 308 m above the cater rim and drifted in multiple directions during 23-29 October. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the active crater area.

Report for Lewotobi
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 23-29 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 23-29 October. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-700 m above the summit and drifted NE and E. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 23-29 October. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose 0.3-2 km above the summit and drifted W, NW, and NE. Some of the webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 22-29 October. The seismic network recorded 1-6 daily volcanic earthquakes. The summit was obscured by weather conditions daily. Sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be high, averaging 4,853-5,188 tonnes/day (t/d) during 26-27 October. A special notice issued on 28 October noted that summit emissions of sulfur dioxide measured with a Flyspec instrument averaged 10,074 tonnes/day (t/d), the fifth highest ever recorded at the volcano. Sulfur odors were reported in Masulog and Canlaon City (8 km ESE) proper and, to a lesser degree, in the neighborhoods of Panubigan and Binalbagan, Canlaon City. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Taal
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest at Taal continued during 22-29 October. Two phreatic events lasting 5-9 minutes long were recorded on 22 October. Hot fluids upwelling in the lake were observed and steam-and-gas plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. Upwelling of hot fluids was again observed on 23 October; weather conditions often obscured views during 23-25 October. Four-minute-long tremor signals were recorded on 24 and 27 October. Steam-and-gas plumes rose 300-900 m and drifted NNE and NE during 26-27 October. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 21-28 October. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. A period of continuous ash emissions during 1706-2320 on 22 October produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NE and E, rising into the weather clouds. Eruptive events at 0103 on 23 October, at 0515, 0554, 0747, 0804, 1633, and 1714 on 27 October, and at 0215 on 28 October generated ash plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly E and W. An explosion was recorded at 0247 on 25 October; details of emissions were not reported. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 October. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Very small eruptive events were recorded during the first half of the week. On 21 October sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 4,000 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 17-24 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 20 October generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Satellite data indicated that either no activity was observed, or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 17-24 October. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 18, 20-21, and 24 October; the volcano was quiet or weather clouds obscured views on the other days. Explosions on 20 October produced ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 100 km E and SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 18, 20, and 22-24 October. The volcano was obscured by weather clouds on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 17-24 October lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images on 18 and 23 October. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 400 km ESE during 20-23 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 23-29 October. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement in the N part of the E lobe. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Minor steaming from the lava flow was visible in webcam images on 28 October. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Spurr
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that low-level unrest at Spurr was ongoing during 23-29 October. Several daily small earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network. No unusual activity was observed in mostly clear satellite or web camera data. Scientists visited Spurr on 24 October to perform pre-winter work including hardening the network and ensuring all systems were operational. During an overflight they observed vigorous steaming from the fumaroles in the summit crater and snow covering the vent at Crater Peak, a vent 3.5 km S of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Popocatepetl
Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 23-29 October. The seismic network recorded 16-50 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, characterized at high-frequency and low-to-moderate amplitude, with periods lasting 14 hours and 20 minutes to as long as almost 24 hours.

According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes visible in webcam and satellite images during 22-25 October rising 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting as far as 190 km N, NW, and NNW and 400 km N and NE, extending beyond the coastline. Overnight during 24-26 October webcams recorded the ejection of incandescent fragments short distances onto the upper flanks according to the Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana. Ashfall was reported at around 1130 on 25 October in the municipalities of Calapan, Domingo Arenas (20 km NE), Huejotizingo (21 km E), San Nicolas de los Ranchos (15 km ENE), San Felipe Teotlacingo, Tlaltenango (35 km NE), San Miguel Xoxtla (35 km NE), Nealtican (21 km E), Atlixco (25 km SE), Juan C. Bonillas (33 km ENE), and San Martin Texmelucan (35 km NE) in Puebla, as well as in Tepoztlan (49 km W), Tlayacapan (40 km WSW), and Tlalnepantla (80 km NW), Morelos. The Gobierno de Puebla reported that during 0700-1100 on 26 October the Hermanos Serdán Airport (30 km NE) was closed so that workers could clear ash off the runways. The VAAC noted that during 26-27 October several dense ash plumes rose 7.9-8.8 km (26,000-29,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and NNE over the Gulf of Mexico. Minor ashfall was reported by CENAPRED in the municipality of Tetela del Volcán (20 km SW), Hueyapan (18 km WSW), and Tlaltizapán (65 km SW), Morelos, as well as in Tlaxcala (51 km NE), Chiautempan (55 km NE), and Zacatelco (45 km NE), Tlaxcala. Incandescent material was ejected above the crater rim during 27-28 October. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.

Report for Copahue
The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that during 15-24 October surficial activity at Copahue increased based on analysis by Observatorio Volcánico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). Tremor signals slightly intensified on 15 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased on 15 October and averaged 2,900-3,000 tons per day (t/d) during 17-19 October, higher than the average of 2,400 t/d more typically observed. Sulfur dioxide emissions were detected with both satellite images and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. Beginning on 16 October episodic intensifications of a thermal anomaly in El Agrio Crater were identified in satellite data with the most intense anomaly recorded on 19 October. Gas-and-steam emissions rose no higher than 300 m above the crater rim and contained ash starting on 17 October; the ash content was denser on 19 October. Gas-and-ash plumes on 19 October deposited ash in an area extending 2.9 km SE of the vent. By 24 October activity had decreased; sulfur dioxide emissions, a thermal anomaly, and ash emissions were no longer being detected. SERNAGEOMIN noted that an increase may occur again and raised the Alert Level to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). SENAPRED declared a Yellow Alert (the middle level on a three-color scale) for residents of the Alto Biobío municipality and access to an area within 500 m of El Agrio Crater was restricted to the public.

The Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) maintained an Alert Level of Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale) for Argentina, based on Argentine Volcano Monitoring Observatory (OAVV) analysis. SEGEMAR noted that the crater lake had dried up during the previous few weeks due to seasonal changes in rainfall. Weekly averages of sulfur dioxide emissions were less than 2,000 t/d with a peak of 6,270 t/d on 16 October based on TROPOMI satellite data. Gas-and-steam plumes were visible during 20-24 October when weather conditions allowed for visual observations. Tremor levels decreased after 19 October; an increase recorded on 24 October may have been due to weather. SEGEMAR noted that a possible phreatic eruption could impact an area within 1 km of the crater.