RVO reported that during 22-30 July incandescence from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone was occasionally visible at night. Steam plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater. During 28-30 July, ash plumes also rose 1.5 km above the crater, and rumbling and roaring noises were reported. On 30 July, incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Ashfall was reported in areas to the NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 2 August ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55-90 km SW and S.

Geological Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbor utilized by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the asymmetrical shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1,400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7,100 years ago is thought to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the N and NE caldera rims. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and W caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city.

Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)