Global Volcanism Program

Vesuvius

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Italy
Italian Peninsula Volcanic Provinces
Composite | Stratovolcano
1944 CE

Country
Volcanic Region
Landform | Volc Type
Last Known Eruption

40.821°N
14.426°E
1,281 m
4,203 ft
211020

Latitude
Longitude
Summit
Elevation
Volcano
Number

Most Recent Bulletin Report: October 1999 (BGVN 24:10) Cite this Report

9 October seismic swarm includes an M ~ 3.5 event, the largest in 50 years

At the beginning of October a small cluster of seismic events was recorded by the permanent seismic network of the Osservatorio Vesuviano (figure 4). The most energetic event of the sequence occurred at 0741 on 9 October, with a duration magnitude (MD) of 3.6 and a Wood Anderson equivalent magnitude (MWA) of 3.4. This event was located in the crater area at a depth of about 3 km below sea level, with a preliminary stress-drop of 164 bar and a preliminary moment magnitude of 3.3. According to its MD value, this event was the most energetic of the last 50 years. Its fault plane solution showed a strike slip mechanism. All the events in this sequence were located below the crater area within the first 6 km of the upper crust, typical of seismicity at Vesuvius in recent years.

Figure 4. Seismic activity at Vesuvius during 1 January-17 November 1999, showing the monthly number of events (histogram) and strain release (line). Courtesy of the Osservatorio Vesuviano.

During the swarm no changes were observed in the temperature or the composition of the fumaroles, in the CO₂ flux from soil, or in ground deformation. Both the temperature and the level of the water-table sampled around the volcano appeared unchanged. As of mid-November seismicity seems to have returned to normal low background levels (both in terms of energy and in number of events) that have characterized Vesuvius for several years.

Information Contacts: Lucia Civetta, Edoardo Del Pezzo, Francesca Bianco, Giuseppe Vilardo, and Mario Castellano, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Vesuvius.

Bulletin Reports - Index

Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.

06/1996 (BGVN 21:06) Seismicity during 1995-96 is the highest in the past 50 years

08/1996 (BGVN 21:08) Ongoing sub-crater seismic activity

04/1997 (BGVN 22:04) Low seismicity prevails after March-May 1996 earthquake swarm

10/1999 (BGVN 24:10) 9 October seismic swarm includes an M ~ 3.5 event, the largest in 50 years

Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted)

June 1996 (BGVN 21:06) Cite this Report

Seismicity during 1995-96 is the highest in the past 50 years

The Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex is a central composite volcano formed by an older stratovolcano (Monte Somma) with a summit caldera partially filled by the composite cone of Vesuvius. The most noted eruption, in 79 A.D., destroyed the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Since the explosive sub-Plinian eruption of 1631, Vesuvius has erupted with both Strombolian and mixed effusive-explosive styles. For the past three centuries the volcanic activity has mainly focused inside the Somma caldera but occasionally lava issued outside it (i.e., 1760 eruption). The last cycle of activity ended with the 1944 eruption. Since then, the volcano has been characterized by moderate seismicity and intra-crater fumarolic activity.

The Osservatorio Vesuviano maintains an array of short-period seismographs (eight three-component and nine vertical-component instruments). Seismicity was monitored during 1995 and March-April 1996. The 1995-96 period was the most active of the past fifty years. Several hundred microearthqukes (M < 3.2) were recorded during 1995, many from sources within the volcanic edifice above sea level. An increase in strain release and in frequency of earthquakes was observed from August to October 1995. During this period 217 events were recorded. Three of these earthquakes had M > 3.0 and were felt by the local population (~600,000 people): the first event (M 3.1, focal depth 3.1 km) occurred on 2 August; the second (M 3.2, focal depth 4.2 km) on 16 September, and the third (M 3.1, focal depth 3.3 km) on 24 September.

During November 1995-February 1996 the seismicity decreased to less than 10 events/month, and the strongest earthquake was M 2.5. During March-April 1996, however, 296 earthquakes were recorded. A M 3.4 event at 2 km depth was the strongest recorded during the past fifty years. Seismic activity at Vesuvius decreased again after this event.

Hypocenter locations for the past two years have clustered in a small volume below the crater area, no deeper than 6 km below sea level (figure 1). Focal mechanisms of relevant events suggested that the cause of seismicity was crustal rupture. Harmonic tremor and monochromatic low-frequency events were not observed. No changes in ground deformation or fumarolic gas compositions were reported.

Figure 1. Locations of seismic events at Vesuvius (1995-May 1996). All events have at least five P and one S picks (RMS less than or equal to 0.15 seconds). Bars in cross sections represent the errors on focal depths. Circle dimensions are proportional to event magnitudes.

A Reuters news story noted that a geophysical experiment is planned at the end of June to obtain a tomographic image of the volcano. The report said that the experiment, a joint-venture of Swiss, French, and Italian scientists, includes a series of controlled explosions at 14 boreholes on the volcano's slopes and as far away as the Sorrento peninsula. The explosions will be monitored by a network of 250 seismic stations. In addition, a marine seismic prospecting survey will be carried out in the Bay of Naples to investigate the volcano's submarine flanks.

Information Contacts: Lucia Civetta, Francesca Bianco, Giuseppe Vilardo, and Mario Castellano, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Manzoni 249, 80123 Napoli, Italy; Paul Holmes, Reuters News Service.

August 1996 (BGVN 21:08) Cite this Report

Ongoing sub-crater seismic activity

Non-eruptive activity at the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex is characterized by low seismicity both in terms of energy and numbers of events; very few episodes of intense seismicity occurred during the last twenty years.

In the last three years, however, hundreds of earthquakes have been detected with magnitudes ranging from -0.4 up to 3.4. The plot of monthly seismic events (figure 2) shows the usual fluctuating pattern observed at Vesuvius. The energy release distribution (figure 2) has a sharp peak coinciding with the 1995-96 earthquakes; the strain release curve also recorded two clear steps at these times.

Figure 2. Monthly seismicity at Vesuvius during 1 Oct 1994-31 Aug 1996. The lower part of the figure shows the energy release histogram and the strain release curve. Courtesy of the Osservatorio Vesuviano.

After the seismic crisis of March-April 1996 (BGVN 21:06), seismic activity decreased. During May-August 1996, the permanent seismic network of the Osservatorio Vesuviano recorded 266 microearthquakes, the strongest one had M 2.7. The events belonging to this sequence affected an extremely reduced volume below the crater area at shallow depth, with hypocenters rarely exceeding 6 kilometers below the sea. No changes in ground deformation or fumarolic gas composition were reported in the last field measurements.

Information Contacts: Lucia Civetta, Francesca Bianco, Giuseppe Vilardo, and Mario Castellano, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Manzoni 249, 80123 Napoli, Italy.

April 1997 (BGVN 22:04) Cite this Report

Low seismicity prevails after March-May 1996 earthquake swarm

During late 1996 through early 1997 Somma-Vesuvius remained volcanically quiet and characterized by low seismicity both in terms of energy and number of events.

A few episodes of moderate seismic activity have occurred in the last twenty years. The crisis of March-May 1996, characterized by an M 3.4 event (BGVN 21:08) was followed by a significant decrease of the seismic activity (figure 3). After the crisis, during June 1996-April 1997, 350 microearthquakes (maximum magnitude, 2.7) were recorded at the permanent seismic network of the Osservatorio Vesuviano. As has been typical in the past, foci appeared in a small volume below the crater area, rarely at depths below 6 km.

Figure 3. Seismic activity at Vesuvius during the period 1 January 1996-30 April 1997, showing daily events (top), energy (histogram, bottom), and strain release (line, bottom). Courtesy of the Osservatorio Vesuviano.

During January 1996-April 1997 the monthly temporal distribution of both earthquakes and their energy fluctuated, as had been the case in the past. The distribution of the cumulative strain release (figure 3) had its regular trend, disturbed only by the seismic crisis of March-May 1996. Both ground deformation and fumarolic gas composition data remained stable.

Information Contacts: Lucia Civetta, Francesca Bianco, Giuseppe Vilardo, and Mario Castellano, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Manzoni 249, 80123 Napoli, Italy.

October 1999 (BGVN 24:10) Cite this Report

9 October seismic swarm includes an M ~ 3.5 event, the largest in 50 years

Figure 4. Seismic activity at Vesuvius during 1 January-17 November 1999, showing the monthly number of events (histogram) and strain release (line). Courtesy of the Osservatorio Vesuviano.

Information Contacts: Lucia Civetta, Edoardo Del Pezzo, Francesca Bianco, Giuseppe Vilardo, and Mario Castellano, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Synonyms

Vesuve | Somma-Vesuviana | Vesbius | Vesuvio

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Bocca del Viulo

Vent

Camaldoli della Torre

Cone

Fossamonaca

Vent

Gran Cono

Stratovolcano

1281 m

I Monticelli

Vent

Masseria Bosco del Monaco

Vent

Somma, Monte

Stratovolcano

1132 m

Tironi

Vent

Vesuvius

Somma

Domes

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Colle Margherita

Dome

959 m

Colle Umberto

Dome

873 m

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

211020

1944 CE

1,281 m / 4,203 ft

40.821°N
14.426°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano
Caldera
Lava dome(s)

Rock Types

Major
Phono-tephrite / Tephri-phonolite
Phonolite
Trachyandesite / Basaltic Trachyandesite
Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite
Trachyte / Trachydacite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

19,162
675,705
3,907,941
6,009,961

Geological Summary

One of the world's most noted volcanoes, Vesuvius (Vesuvio) forms a dramatic backdrop to the Bay of Naples. The active cone was constructed within a large caldera of the older Monte Somma edifice, thought to have formed incrementally beginning about 17,000 years ago. The Monte Somma caldera wall has channeled lava flows and pyroclastic flows primarily to the south and west. Eight major explosive eruptions have taken place in the last 17,000 years, often accompanied by large pyroclastic flows and surges, such as during the 79 CE Pompeii eruption. Intermittent eruptions since 79 CE were followed by a period of frequent long-term explosive and effusive eruptions between 1631 and 1944. The large 1631 eruption produced pyroclastic flows that reached as far as the coast and caused great destruction. Many towns are located on the flanks, and several million people live within areas that could be affected by eruptions.

This volcano is located within the Somma Vesuvio and Miglio d'oro, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve property.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Alfano G B, Friedlander I, 1929. La Storia del Vesuvio. Naples: K Holm, 71 p, 107 plates.

Andronico D, Cioni R, 2002. Contrasting styles of Mount Vesuvius activity in the period between the Avellino and Pompeii plinian eruptions, and some implications for assessment of future hazards. Bull Volcanol, 64: 372-391.

Arrighi S, Principe C, Rosi M, 2001. Violent strombolian and subplinian eruptions at Vesuvius during post-1631 activity. Bull Volcanol, 63: 126-150.

Bertagnini A, Landi P, Rosi M, Vigliargio A, 1998. The Pomici de Base plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 83: 219-239.

Bruno P P G, Rapolla A, 1999. Study of the sub-surface structure of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy) by seismic reflection data. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 92: 373-387.

Bullard F M, 1976. Volcanoes of the Earth. Austin: Univ Texas Press, 579 p.

Cioni R, Santacroce R, Sbrana A, 1999. Pyroclastic deposits as a guide for reconstructing the multi-stage evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius caldera. Bull Volcanol, 61: 207-222.

Cioni R, Sulpizo R, Garruccio N, 2003. Variability of the eruption dynamics during a subplinian event: the Greenish Pumice eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 124: 89-114.

Civetta L, Santacroce R, 1991. Steady state magma supply in the last 3400 years of Vesuvius activity. Acta Vulc, 2: 147-159.

Delibrias G, Di Paola G M, Rosi M, Santacroce R, 1979. La storia eruttiva del complesso vulcanico Somma Vesuvio ricostruita dalle successioni piroclastiche del Monte Somma. Rendiconti Soc Italiana Min Petr, 35: 411-438.

Di Vito M A, Sulpizio R, Zanchetta G, D'Orazio M, 2008. The late Pleistocene pyroclastic deposits of the Campanian Plain: new insights into the explosive activity of Neapolitan volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 177: 19-48.

Fulignati P, Marinelli P, Metrich N, Santacroce R, Sbrana A, 2004. Towards a reconstruction of the magmatic feeding system of the 1944 eruption of Mt Vesuvius. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 133: 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00388-3

Green J, Short N M, 1971. Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: a Photographic Atlas and Glossary. New York: Springer-Verlag, 519 p.

Gurioli L, Houghton B R, Cashman K V, Cioni R, 2005. Complex changes in eruptive dynamics during the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius. Bull Volcanol, 67: 144-159.

Gurioli L, Sulpizio R, Cioni R, Sbrana A, Santacroce R, Luperini W, Andronico D, 2010. Pyroclastic flow hazard assessment at Somma-Vesuvius based on the geological record . Bull Volcanol, 72: 1021-1038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0379-2

Imbo G, 1965. Italy. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 18: 1-72.

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. Volc Soc Japan draft ms, (limited circulation), 160 p.

Lirer L, Munno R, Postiglione I, Vinci A, Vitelli L, 1997. The A.D. 79 eruption as a future explosive scenario in the Vesuvian area: evaluation of associated risk. Bull Volcanol, 59: 112-124.

Lirer L, Petrosino P, Alberico I, Postiglione I, 2001. Long-term volcanic hazard forecasts based on Somma-Vesuvio past eruptive activity. Bull Volcanol, 63: 45-60.

Marianelli P, Metrich N, Sbrana A, 1999. Shallow and deep reservoirs involved in magma supply of the 1944 eruption of Vesuvius. Bull Volcanol, 61: 48-63.

Mastrolorenzo G, Petrone P, Pappalardo L, Sheridan M F, 2006. The Avellino 3780-yr-B.P. catastrophe as a worst-case scenario for a future eruption at Vesuvius. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 103: 4366-4370.

Milia A, Mirabile L, Torrente M M, Dvorak J J, 1998. Volcanism offshore of Vesuvius volcano in Naples Bay. Bull Volcanol, 59: 404-413.

Peccerillo A, 2005. Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Italy. Berlin: Springer, 365 p.

Perrotta A, Scarpati C, Luongo G, Aoyagi M, 2006. Burial of Emperor Augustus' villa at Somma Vesuviana (Italy) by post-79 AD Vesuvius eruptions and reworked (lahars and stream flow) deposits. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 158: 445-466.

Principe C, Marini L, 2008. Evolution of the Vesuvius magmatic-hydrothermal system before the 16 December 1631 eruption. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 171: 311-306.

Principe C, Tanguy J-C, Arrighi S, Paiotti A, Le Goff M, Zoppi U, 2004. Chronology of Vesuvius' activity from A.D. 79 to 1631 based on archaeomagnetism of lavas and historical sources. Bull Volcanol, 66: 703-724.

Rolandi G, Munno R, Postiglione I, 2004. The A.D. 472 eruption of the Somma volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 129: 291-319.

Rolandi G, Paone A, De Lascio M, Stefani G, 2008. The 79 AD eruption of Somma: the relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 169: 87-98.

Rolandi G, Petrosino P, McGeehin J, 1998. The interplinian activity at Somma-Vesuvius in the last 3500 years. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 82: 19-52.

Rosi M, Santacroce R, Sbrana A, 1987. Geological Map of Somma-Vesuvius Volcanic Complex. CNR Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Rome.

Rosi M, Santacroce R, Sheridan M, 1981. Volcanic hazards of Vesuvius (Italy). Bull BRGM, 4: 169-179.

Sandri L, Guidoboni E, Marzocchi W, Selva J, 2009. Bayesian event tree for eruption forecasting (BET_EF) at Vesuvius, Italy: a retrospective forward application to the 1631 eruption. Bull Volcanol, 71: 729-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-008-0261-7

Santacroce R , Cioni R, Marianelli P, Sbrana A, Sulpizio R, Zanchetta G, Donahue D J, Joron J L, 2008. Age and whole rock-glass compositions of proximal pyroclastics from the major explosive eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius: a review as a tool for distal tephrochronology. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 177: 1-18.

Scandone R, Giacomelli L, Speranza F F, 2008. Persistent activity and violent strombolian eruptions at Vesuvius between 1631 and 1944. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 170: 167-180.

Sulpizio R, Bonasia R, Dellino P, Mele D, Di Vito M A, La Volpe L, 2010. The Pomici di Avellino eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part II: sedimentology and physical volcanology of pyroclastic density current deposits. Bull Volcanol, 72: 559-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0340-4

Sulpizio R, Cioni R, Di Vito M A, Mele D, Bonasia R, Dellino P, 2010. The Pomici di Avellino eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part I: stratigraphy, compositional variability and eruptive dynamics. Bull Volcanol, 72: 539-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0339-x

Sulpizio R, Mele D, Dellino P, La Volpe L, 2005. A complex, subplinian-type eruption from low-viscosity, phonolitic to tephri-phonolitic magma: the AD 472 (Pollena) eruption of Somma-Vesuvius. Bull Volcanol, 67: 743-767.

Trigila R, De Benedetti A A, 1993. Petrogenesis of Vesuvius historical lavas constrained by Pearce element ratios analysis and experimental phase equilibria. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 58: 315-343.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 54 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1913 Jul 5 - 1944 Apr 4 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper flanks

1913 Jul 5 - 1944 Apr 4

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 15 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1913 Jul 5	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1929 Jun 3	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1941 Oct 22	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1944 Mar	- - - -	Fatalities
1944 Mar 18	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1875 Dec 18 - 1906 Apr 22 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper flanks

1875 Dec 18 - 1906 Apr 22

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 24 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow	weak or small
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Deformation (inflation)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Edifice Destroyed	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1875 Dec 18	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1881 Dec 16	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1885 May 2	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1891 Jun 7	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1894	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1895 Jul 3	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1900 May 9	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1903 Aug 27	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1905 Mar 10	- - - -	Fatalities
1906 Apr 6	- - - -	Fatalities
1906 Apr 8	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1874 Jan ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1874 Jan - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
1874 Jan	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1870 Dec - 1872 Apr 30 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper NW and south flanks

1870 Dec - 1872 Apr 30

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 10 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper NW and south flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1870 Dec	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1872	- - - -	Fatalities
1872 Apr 24	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1873	- - - -	Fatalities

1864 Feb 10 - 1868 Nov 26 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper SE flank

1864 Feb 10 - 1868 Nov 26

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 10 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper SE flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
1864 Feb 10	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1867 Nov 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1868 Nov 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1855 Dec 19 - 1861 Dec 31 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and SW flank (300-225 m)

1855 Dec 19 - 1861 Dec 31

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 12 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and SW flank (300-225 m)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Deformation (inflation)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1855 Dec 19	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1858 May 27	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1861 Dec 8	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1854 Dec 14 - 1855 May 27 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper N flank

1854 Dec 14 - 1855 May 27

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper N flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1854 Dec 14	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1855 May 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1841 Sep 20 - 1850 Feb 16 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper N and E flanks

1841 Sep 20 - 1850 Feb 16

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper N and E flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1841 Sep 20	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1850 Feb 5	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1835 Jan - 1839 Jan 3 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper east and west flanks

1835 Jan - 1839 Jan 3

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper east and west flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
1835 Jan	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1839 Jan 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1824 Jul 2 - 1834 Sep 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper E and S flanks

1824 Jul 2 - 1834 Sep 2

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 10 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper E and S flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1824 Jul 2	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1831 Aug 14	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1834 Aug 22	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1796 Jan - 1822 Nov 16 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and upper flanks

1796 Jan - 1822 Nov 16

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 23 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and upper flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Fauna Kill	Terrestrial.
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1796 Jan	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1804 Aug 12	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1805	- - - -	Fatalities
1805 Aug 12	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1806 May 31	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1810 Sep 11	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1812 Jan 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1813 Oct 29	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1817 Dec 22	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1820 Jan	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1822 Oct 22	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1783 Aug 18 - 1794 Jul 5 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and SW flank (550-300 m)

1783 Aug 18 - 1794 Jul 5

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 14 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and SW flank (550-300 m)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1783 Aug 18	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1785 Jul 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1790 May	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1794	- - - -	Fatalities
1794 Jun 16	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1770 Feb 15 - 1779 Oct 4 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, N, NE, SE and E flanks

1770 Feb 15 - 1779 Oct 4 (?)

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 17 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, N, NE, SE and E flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1770 Feb 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1771 May 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1776 Mar 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1779 Aug 8	- - - -	Fatalities
1779 Aug 8	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1764 - 1767 Oct 27 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper SW, SE, and NNW flanks

1764 - 1767 Oct 27

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 11 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper SW, SE, and NNW flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1764	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1766 Mar 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1767 Oct 19	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1744 Nov (?) - 1761 Jan 6 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper SE, E and lower S flanks

1744 Nov (?) - 1761 Jan 6

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 11 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper SE, E and lower S flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1744 Nov (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1751 Oct 25	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1754 Dec 2	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1760 Dec 23	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1742 - 1743 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

1742 - 1743

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1742	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1732 Dec 25 - 1737 Jun 4 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and SW flank

1732 Dec 25 - 1737 Jun 4

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 13 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and SW flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1732 Dec 25	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1737 May	- - - -	Fatalities
1737 May 14	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1724 Sep 4 - 1730 Apr 1 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1724 Sep 4 - 1730 Apr 1 (?)

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 9 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
1724 Sep 4	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1730 Feb 27	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1708 Aug 14 - 1723 Jul 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, upper east and south flanks

1708 Aug 14 - 1723 Jul 8

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 12 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, upper east and south flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1708 Aug 14	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1712 Feb 5	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1713 Apr 17	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1714 Jun 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1717 Jun 6	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1723 Apr 20	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1701 Jul 1 - 1707 Aug 22 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and SW flank

1701 Jul 1 - 1707 Aug 22

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 12 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and SW flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1701 Jul 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1706 Jul 20	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1707 Jul 29	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1697 Sep 15 - 1698 Jul Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1697 Sep 15 - 1698 Jul

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 9 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1697 Sep 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1698 May 25	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1696 Jul 31 - 1696 Aug 14 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1696 Jul 31 - 1696 Aug 14 (?)

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
1696 Jul 31	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1685 Oct 3 - 1694 Apr 29 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1685 Oct 3 - 1694 Apr 29

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 11 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1685 Oct 3	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1694 Apr 13	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1682 Aug 12 - 1682 Aug 22 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1682 Aug 12 - 1682 Aug 22

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 10 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
1682 Aug 12 (?)	- - - -	Fatalities
1682 Aug 12	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1654 Feb 25 - 1680 Mar 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1654 Feb 25 - 1680 Mar 28

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 9 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1654 Feb 25	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1660 Jul 3	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1637 Jul 1 - 1652 Dec Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1637 Jul 1 - 1652 Dec

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 7 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1637 Jul 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1649 Nov 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1631 Dec 16 - 1632 Jan 31 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit, SW and S flanks

1631 Dec 16 - 1632 Jan 31 (?)

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 15 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, SW and S flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	Before.
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	After.
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Tsunami
- - - -	- - - -	Edifice Destroyed	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
1631 Dec 16	- - - -	Fatalities
1631 Dec 16	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1570 (in or before) - 1572 ± 1 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1570 (in or before) - 1572 ± 1 years

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
1570 (in or before)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1500 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1500 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1500	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1347 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1347 - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
	1347	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1270 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1270 - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1270	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1150 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1150 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1150	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1139 Jun 1 - 1139 Jun 9 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1139 Jun 1 - 1139 Jun 9

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
1139 Jun 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1073 ± 5 years ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1073 ± 5 years - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
1073 ± 5 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1049 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1049 - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water. Uncertain
1049	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1037 Jan 27 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and south flank (I Monticelli?)

1037 Jan 27 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and south flank (I Monticelli?)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
1037 Jan 27	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1006 Dec 31 ± 365 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1006 Dec 31 ± 365 days - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
1006 Dec 31 ± 365 days	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0999 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and south flank (Fossamonaca)

0999 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and south flank (Fossamonaca)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava fountains
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
0999	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0991 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

0991 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
0991	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0968 Dec 1 ± 30 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

0968 Dec 1 ± 30 days - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage	Uncertain
0968 Dec 1 ± 30 days	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0900 ± 40 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

South and west (Tironi) flanks

0900 ± 40 years - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Magnetism

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at South and west (Tironi) flanks

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
0900 ± 40 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0860 ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

South flank

0860 ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Magnetism

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at South flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
0860 ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0787 Oct 15 ± 45 days - 0788 Jan 15 ± 45 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and south flank

0787 Oct 15 ± 45 days - 0788 Jan 15 ± 45 days

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and south flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water.
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
0787 Oct 15 ± 45 days	- - - -	Fatalities	Uncertain
0787 Oct 15 ± 45 days	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0685 Feb - 0685 Mar Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

0685 Feb - 0685 Mar

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 9 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Entered water. Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
0685 Feb	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0536 Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

0536 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage

0512 Jul 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

0512 Jul 8 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 7 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
0512 Jul 8	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 0505 Nov 9 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

0505 Nov 9 - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
0505 Nov 9	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0472 Nov 5 - 0472 Nov 6 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

0472 Nov 5 - 0472 Nov 6 (?)

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 10 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
0472 Nov 5	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0379 - 0395 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

0379 - 0395

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
0379	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 0303 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

0303 - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
0303	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0222 - 0235 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

0222 - 0235

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	0222	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0203 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

0203 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	0203	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0172 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

0172 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	0172	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0079 Oct 24 (?) - 0079 Oct 28 ± 1 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

0079 Oct 24 (?) - 0079 Oct 28 ± 1 days

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 16 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Seismicity (volcanic)	Before eruption.
- - - -	- - - -	Seismicity (volcanic)
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	extremely violent or catastrophic
- - - -	- - - -	Eruption cloud
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Tsunami
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
0079 Aug 25	- - - -	Fatalities
0079 Aug 25	- - - -	Fatalities
0079 Oct 24 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0217 BCE - 0216 BCE Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

AP6 tephra

0217 BCE - 0216 BCE

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at AP6 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
0217 BCE	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0600 BCE (in or before) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

0600 BCE (in or before) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Anthropology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
0600 BCE (in or before)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0880 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

AP3 tephra

0880 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at AP3 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
0880 BCE ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1430 BCE ± 300 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

AP2 tephra

1430 BCE ± 300 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at AP2 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
1430 BCE ± 300 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1550 BCE ± 75 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

AP1 tephra

1550 BCE ± 75 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at AP1 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
1550 BCE ± 75 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

2420 BCE ± 40 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

2420 BCE ± 40 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 11 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
- - - -	- - - -	Evacuations
2420 BCE	- - - -	Fatalities
2420 BCE ± 40 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

6940 BCE ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

Mercato Pumice

6940 BCE ± 100 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Mercato Pumice

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
6940 BCE ± 100 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

Deformation History

There is data available for 1 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.

Deformation during 1992 - 2013 [Subsidence; Observed by InSAR]

Start Date: 1992

Stop Date: 2013

Direction: Subsidence

Method: InSAR

Magnitude: Unknown

Spatial Extent: Unknown

Latitude: Unknown

Longitude: Unknown

Remarks: Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset InSAR reveals long-term subsidence of Vesuvius with slight seasonal variations. A possible link to the Campi Flegrei system has been suggested.

The Bay of Naples and the two volcanoes under study. a. Overview of the cumulative deformation retrieved by exploiting SAR data acquired by radar satellites from 1992 to 2008 and structural information after (Bianco et al., 1998). Green dots show radar pixels with little deformation, whereas red dots represent pixels with displacement values equal or larger than 10 cm. Note also the deforming girdle to the North of Vesuvius. The map shows the descending orbit data. b, c. Close up views of the two volcanic centers of Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. d, e. Time series for pixels located in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Pozzuoli harbor area) and at Vesuvius (summit cone area). The long-term subsidence at both volcanoes is interrupted by short-term uplift periods, as in 2001 and 2006, suggesting a possibly correlated activity. Time series is shown for ascending and descending data.

From: Walter et al. 2014.

Reference List: Walter et al. 2014; Samsonov et al. 2014b.

Full References:

Samsonov, S. V., Gonzalez, P. J., Tiampo, K. F., Camacho, A. G., & Fernandez, J., 2014. Spatiotemporal analysis of ground deformation at Campi Flegrei and Mt Vesuvius, Italy, observed by Envisat and Radarsat-2 InSAR during 2003-2013. In Mathematics of Planet Earth (pp. 377-382). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Walter, T. R., Shirzaei, M., Manconi, A., Solaro, G., Pepe, A., Manzo, M., & Sansosti, E., 2014. Possible coupling of Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius as revealed by InSAR time series, correlation analysis and time dependent modeling. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 280: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.006

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Vesuvius.

Photo Gallery

Volcanic craters are depressions above a volcanic vent that form as a result of explosive eruptions or collapse. Craters can form at the summit of a volcano or on its flanks. Their sizes and shapes vary widely. Some, like this 600-m wide, 300-m deep crater of Italy's Vesuvius volcano, are large and deep, and have steep-sided walls. Other craters, such as maars and tuff rings produced by powerful explosions involving water-magma interaction, are often much wider than they are deep. Vertical-walled pit craters form by collapse over an eruptive fissure.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1982.

The summit crater of Vesuvius volcano exposes the layered lava flows and ash beds that have constructed the cone. Ash deposits from the 1944 eruption mantle the rim and outer flanks of the 600-m-wide, 300-m-deep crater. The Bay of Naples and numerous cities along the coastal plain that have been affected by historical eruptions of Vesuvius can be seen at the top of the photo, taken from the NE.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1982.

Mount Vesuvius rises to the north of the storied ruins of Pompeii, which was destroyed during the eruption of 79 CE. The modern cone of Vesuvius rises at the left; the peak to the right is the rim of the Monte Somma caldera, which was formed about 17,000 years ago. Eight major explosive eruptions have occurred since then. A period of long-term eruptive activity began in 1631. The last eruption of Vesuvius was in 1944.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft.

Casts of victim's bodies from the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius were uncovered during excavations of the buried city of Pompeii. The Pompeii fatalities were caused by pyroclastic flows, which swept as far as 30 km from the summit. Fine-grained ash hardened around the bodies, preserving features in great detail.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1971.

This engraving of the 1631 eruption of Vesuvius shows a vertical eruption column and pyroclastic flows sweeping down the flanks of the volcano to the sea. This is the earliest known depiction of pyroclastic flows. The 1631 eruption was one of the largest at Vesuvius in historical time and began the modern period of frequent, long-duration eruptions.

Engraving by G. Battista Passaro (from the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft, published in Simkin and Siebert, 1994).

The Torre del Greco lava flow was erupted from December 1760 to January 1761 from a south-flank fissure, 4-km from the sea. Previous paroxysmal eruptions during this eruptive period, which began in 1744, took place in 1751 (from a upper SE flank fissure), and in 1754-55, when lava flows traveled to the south and SE. The 1760-61 paroxysmal stage was accompanied by vigorous explosive eruptions, and marked the first historical eruption of Vesuvius from a vent outside the caldera.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Incandescent explosive eruptions from the summit crater in October 1767 accompany a lava flow from a fissure on the upper north and NW flanks that descends toward Portici, on the west flank. This marked the end of an eruption that began in 1764. In 1766 a lava flow traveled to the WSW, towards Resina, and to the south, towards Torre Annunziata.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

An explosive eruption July 29 to August 13, 1779, produced widespread ashfall that caused extensive damage to many towns. This painting shows a strong eruption column accompanied by lightning as seen from across the Bay of Naples. This eruptive period began in 1770, and included the emission of lava flows in 1770, 1771, 1774, 1776, and 1779.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

A powerful eruption column rises above the summit of Vesuvius in this painting of the June 1794 eruption, viewed from Naples. This eruption was the most powerful at Vesuvius since 1631. Several towns were completely destroyed, and 400 people were killed. After the eruption the height of Vesuvius was lowered by 121 m, leaving a 2.2-km wide and 150 m deep crater. The 1794 eruption occurred at the end of an eruptive period that began in 1783 and included paroxysmal effussive phases in 1785-1787 and 1790.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

During the paroxysmal stage of the 1783-1794 eruption, from June to July 1794, a lava flow from a SW-flank fissure overran the town of Torre de Greco and reached the sea. Ash columns in this painting rise from the summit crater and from the SW flank vent, and steam clouds on the coast mark the point where the lava flow reached the sea.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

A powerful ash column in October 1822 rises above the crater of Vesuvius in this painting from a location across the Bay of Naples. A major explosive and effusive eruption during October-November 1822 marked the end of a long eruptive period that began in 1796. Major effusive and explosive phases in 1804, 1805, and 1806 included a 1806 lava flow that reached the sea just south of Torre de Greco, on the SW flank.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Strombolian eruptions in 1834 from cones at the summit of Mount Vesuvius eject incandescent material near the end of an eruption that began in 1824. Major effusive phases occurred from August 1831 to December 1832, and from May to June 1833. The climactic effusive-explosive eruptions took place August 22-September 2, 1834.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Lava flows in February 1850, during the climactic phase of an eruption that began in 1841, are depicted in this painting overrunning a village on the flanks of Vesuvius. Strombolian eruptions had occurred since 1841. By February 1845, lava filled the entire 1839 crater. The February 1850 lava flows issued from fissures on the flanks of a cone that had grown to about 20 m above the previous crater rim.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

A lava flow issues from a fissure on the north flank of Vesuvius, in this May 1855 view from the Monte Somma rim. The lava flow ponded in the moat between Vesuvius and Monte Somma before being deflected down the west flank and overrunning the village of San Sabastiano. This eruption began on December 14, 1854.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Lava flows issued from several vents beginning in May 1858 and lasting until December 1861. The lava flows traveled to the west and SW and caused extensive damage. This eruption began with collapse of the crater of Vesuvius in December 1855.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

A major explosive eruption in April 1906, one of the largest eruptions of Vesuvius since 1631, destroyed the upper part of the cone. The paroxysmal eruption occurred at the end of a three-decade long, primarily effusive eruption that began in 1875. Periods of more intense eruptions took place in 1881-85, 1891-1900, and 1904.

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

An ash plume rises above the summit of Vesuvius in 1944, near the end of a long-duration eruption that began in 1913. The 1944 eruption produced voluminous lava flows and vigorous explosions that excavated a 300-m-deep crater at the summit. The paroxysmal phase began on 18 March 1944 and ended on 4 April.

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1944.

This photograph of Vesuvius looking east across the Bay of Naples depicts the major eruption of April 1872. A vigorous eruption plume rises from the summit crater and ash plumes also rise from a NW flank fissure that fed a lava flow that traveled far down the W flank, overrunning several villages. Steam also rises above another lava flow below and to the right of the summit. This eruption began with lava effusion in December 1870.

Photo courtesty of Roberto Scandone (University of Rome).

The bedded layers at the right, near the town of Torre de Greco on the S flank of Vesuvius, are pyroclastic surge deposits from the Plinian Avellino eruption that occurred about 3,700 years ago. This eruption, one of eight major explosive eruptions since formation of the Monte Somma caldera, produced 2.9 km³ of tephra. Pyroclastic surges (1 km³) traveled down all sides of the volcano and as far as 22 km NW, covering an area now overlain by much of the city of Naples.

Photo by Roberto Scandone (University of Rome).

The dark-colored lava flow filling the caldera moat between the cone of Vesuvius and the caldera wall of Monte Somma in the background was produced during an eruption in 1944, near the end of the eruptive cycle that began in 1913.

Photo by Roberto Scandone, 1989 (University of Rome).

The upper crater rim of Vesuvius is capped by thick tephra deposits from the last eruption episode in 1944. The bedded tephra layers overlie a light-colored layer at the right, a lava flow that had been erupted earlier in the 1944 eruption. The steep wall beneath the 1944 lava flow cuts through pre-1944 lava flows.

Photo by Roberto Scandone, 1989 (University of Rome).

Vesuvius rises above an excavated stadium in the buried city of Pompeii. The 79 CE eruption began on 24 August with phreatomagmatic explosions that produced widespread ashfall. Many residents of Pompei and other towns had evacuated prior to the onset of devastating pyroclastic flows the following day that swept over broad areas as far as 30 km from the volcano and caused several thousand fatalities.

Photo by Dan Dzurisin (U.S. Geological Survey), 1983.

Mount Vesuvius behind city of Naples. The modern cone of Vesuvius is flanked on the left by Monte Somma, the rim of a caldera that formed about 17,000 years ago. Eight major explosive eruptions have occurred since, including the 79 CE eruption that destroyed Pompeii and other towns. A period of frequent, long-duration eruptions began in 1631 and the latest eruption of Vesuvius was in 1944.

Photo by Dan Dzurisin, 1983 (U.S. Geological Survey).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 1344 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 100147	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 100148	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100149	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100150	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100151	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100152	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100153	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100154	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 100155	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 102125	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 102244	Volcanic Sublimate	--	--
NMNH 102803-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 103457-00	Aragonite	--	--
NMNH 103675-00	Opal	--	--
NMNH 103681-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 103681-01	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 103685-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 103722-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH 103724-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 103746-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 103749-00	Lazurite	--	--
NMNH 103752-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH 103768-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH 103769-00	Melitite	--	--
NMNH 103770-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 103771-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 103788-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 103797-00	Gismondine	--	--
NMNH 103822-00	Titanite	--	--
NMNH 104486-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 104493-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH 104540-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 104540-01	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 104547-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH 104607-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 105232-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 105277-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 105830-00	Mercallite	--	--
NMNH 106385-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 106798	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 106799	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 106799	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 107025-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH 107025-01	Grossular	--	--
NMNH 107225-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH 107267-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH 110676-1	Leucite Basalt	--	--
NMNH 110676-2	Leucite Basalt	--	--
NMNH 111123-1387	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 111123-1517	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-415	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-416	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-417	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-418	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-419	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-420	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 111123-446	Tuff	--	--
NMNH 111123-447	Tuff	--	--
NMNH 111123-448	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-449	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-450	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-451	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-452	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-453	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-454	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-455	Pozzolan	--	--
NMNH 111123-936	Leucite Basanite	--	--
NMNH 113113-1	Leucitite	--	--
NMNH 113232-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH 113234-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH 114647-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 115064-00	Cupromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 115400-00	Carobbiite	--	--
NMNH 115401-00	Cuprorivaite	--	--
NMNH 116143-1	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-10	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-11	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 116143-12	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-13	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-14	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-15	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-16	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-17	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-18	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-2	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-3	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-4	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-5	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-6	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-7	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-8	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116143-9	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116144-1	Volcanic Tuff	--	--
NMNH 116144-10	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-11	Volcanic Tuff	--	--
NMNH 116144-12	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-13	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-14	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-15	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-16	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-17	Volcanic Tuff	--	--
NMNH 116144-18	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-19	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-2	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-20	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116144-21	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-22	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-23	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-24	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116144-25	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-26	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116144-27	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116144-28	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-29	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116144-3	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-30	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-31	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116144-32	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116144-33	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-4	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-5	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-6	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116144-7	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116144-8	Volcanic Tuff	--	--
NMNH 116144-9	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-1	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-10	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-11	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116145-2	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-3	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-4	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-5	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-6	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-7	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116145-8	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116145-9	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-1	Biotite-Plagioclase Plutonic Rock	--	--
NMNH 116146-10	Biotite Plutonic Rock	--	--
NMNH 116146-11	Biotite Plutonic Rock	--	--
NMNH 116146-12	Biotite Plutonic Rock	--	--
NMNH 116146-13	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116146-14	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-15	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-16	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-17	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-18	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116146-19	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-2	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-20	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-21	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-22	Limestone	--	--
NMNH 116146-23	Leucite Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116146-24	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-25	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-26	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116146-3	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-4	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-5	Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-6	Quartz Conglomerate	--	--
NMNH 116146-7	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-8	Calcitic Dolomite	--	--
NMNH 116146-9	Scoria	--	--
NMNH 116261-1	Leucite Tephrite	--	1 Jun 1914
NMNH 116261-2	Leucite Tephrite	--	1 Jun 1914
NMNH 116261-3	Lava	--	--
NMNH 116261-4	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 116428-1	Pumice	--	1 Nov 1984
NMNH 116428-2	Pumice	--	1 Nov 1984
NMNH 116564-16	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 116568-433	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 117252-1	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-10	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-11	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-12	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-13	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-14	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-15	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-16	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-17	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-18	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-19	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-2	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-20	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-21	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-22	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-23	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-24	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-25	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-26	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-27	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-28	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-29	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-3	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-30	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-31	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-32	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-33	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-34	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-35	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-36	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-37	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-38	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-39	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-4	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-40	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-41	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-42	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-43	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-44	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-45	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-46	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-47	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-48	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-49	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-5	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-50	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-51	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-52	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-53	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-54	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-55	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-56	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-57	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-58	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-59	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-6	Tephra	--	--
NMNH 117252-60	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-61	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-62	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-63	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-64	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-65	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-66	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-67	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-68	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-69	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-7	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-70	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-71	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-72	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-73	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-74	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-75	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-76	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-77	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-78	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-79	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-8	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-80	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-81	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-82	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-83	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-84	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-85	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-86	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-87	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-88	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-89	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-9	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-90	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117252-91	Tephriphonolite	--	--
NMNH 117585-31	Ash	--	--
NMNH 117585-32	Ash	--	--
NMNH 118180	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 121509-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 121517-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH 12291-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH 123398-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH 123682-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 129503-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 129504-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 129505-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 129506-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 129529-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 129531-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 129567-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 129716-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 129806-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 130093-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 130387-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 131404-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH 132015-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 132055-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 132170-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 132277-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH 132332-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH 132835-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH 13355-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 135505-00	Cuprorivaite	--	--
NMNH 13603-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 13605-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 13607-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 13608-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 13610-00	Galena	--	--
NMNH 13611-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 13612-00	Gypsum	--	--
NMNH 13614-00	Gismondine	--	--
NMNH 136145-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 136146-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 13615-00	Pseudocotunnite	--	--
NMNH 13616-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 13617-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 13620-00	Sal Ammoniac	--	--
NMNH 13621-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH 13622-00	Titanite	--	--
NMNH 13625-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH 13626-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH 13627-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 13628-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH 13630-00	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH 13631-00	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH 13632-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH 13633	Basalt	--	--
NMNH 13634-00	Analcime	--	--
NMNH 13634-01	Analcime	--	--
NMNH 13635-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 13636-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH 13637-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 13638-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 13639-00	Monticellite	--	--
NMNH 13641-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 13644-00	Sphalerite	--	--
NMNH 13645-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH 13646-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH 13648-00	Pyrrhotite	--	--
NMNH 13649-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH 13650-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH 13651-00	Parawollastonite	--	--
NMNH 13653-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 13654-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH 13656-00	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH 13656-01	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH 13657-00	Nocerite	--	--
NMNH 13658-00	Halite	--	--
NMNH 13659-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 13660-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH 13661-01	Andradite	--	--
NMNH 13662-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH 137686-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH 137732-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 137749-00	Hydromelanothallite	--	--
NMNH 137764-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 137872-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 137937-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH 138045-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 138050-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 138075-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 138101-00	Mitscherlichite	--	--
NMNH 138136-00	Mottramite	--	--
NMNH 138203-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH 138205-00	Euchlorine	--	--
NMNH 138267-00	Ferrinatrite	--	--
NMNH 138351-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH 138468-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH 138487-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 138489-00	Hieratite	--	--
NMNH 138782-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH 138788-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 138805-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH 138836-00	Paratacamite	--	--
NMNH 138838-00	Paratacamite	--	--
NMNH 138850-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH 138952-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 138980-00	Pseudocotunnite	--	--
NMNH 139062-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH 139068-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH 139146-00	Carobbiite	--	--
NMNH 139287-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH 139436-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH 139461-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH 139630-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH 139774-00	Boothite	--	--
NMNH 139854-00	Akermanite	--	--
NMNH 139966-00	Chlormanganokalite	--	--
NMNH 139967-00	Chloromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 139987-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 140221-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 140352-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH 140402-00	Thermonatrite	--	--
NMNH 140424-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 140425-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 140549-00	Dolerophanite	--	--
NMNH 140627-00	Cryptohalite	--	--
NMNH 140640-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 140687-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH 140779-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH 140866-00	Sellaite	--	--
NMNH 141055-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH 141468-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH 141563-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 141667-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 141809-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 141860-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 142028-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH 142061-00	Cuprorivaite	--	--
NMNH 142062-00	Cyanochroite	--	--
NMNH 142070-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH 142095-00	Rinneite	--	--
NMNH 145576-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 146864-00	Magnesiochromite	--	--
NMNH 148601-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 149454-00	Gehlenite	--	--
NMNH 149455-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149460-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH 149468-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149469-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149475-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149476-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149477-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149478-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149479-00	Unknown	--	--
NMNH 149803-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 150770-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH 151009-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 151863-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH 151986-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH 152130-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 152163-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 152751-00	Hypersthene	--	--
NMNH 152833-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 152940-00	Euchlorine	--	--
NMNH 152949-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 153019-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH 153020-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH 153047-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH 153615-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH 153616-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 153862-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH 154530-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 154531-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH 156808-00	Malladrite	--	--
NMNH 156952-00	Ferrinatrite	--	--
NMNH 156954-00	Cyanochroite	--	--
NMNH 156955-00	Alunogen	--	--
NMNH 156970-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH 156971-00	Picromerite	--	--
NMNH 156994-00	Malladrite	--	--
NMNH 157036-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH 158181-00	Cuprorivaite	--	--
NMNH 158252-00	Siderazot	--	--
NMNH 158339-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH 158716-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 158734-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 159122-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 159321-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH 159395-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH 159481-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH 159718-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 160107-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH 160902-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 165189-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 165324-00	Hyalophane	--	--
NMNH 165325-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 165332-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH 165440-00	Montesommaite	--	--
NMNH 165441-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH 165442-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH 165443-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 165457-00	Calcite	--	--
NMNH 165527-00	Montesommaite	--	--
NMNH 166035-00	Montesommaite	--	--
NMNH 166768-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH 16691-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 167386-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 167387-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 167388-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 167389-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 168342-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 168345-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH 168346-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH 168351-00	Norbergite	--	--
NMNH 168601-00	Chlorothionite	--	--
NMNH 168605-00	Chloraluminite	--	--
NMNH 168758-00	Carobbiite	--	--
NMNH 168820-00	Nitschuerlichite	--	--
NMNH 168829-00	Molysite	--	--
NMNH 168890-00	Magnesiohornblende	--	--
NMNH 168908-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH 168936-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH 169095-00	Euchlorine	--	--
NMNH 169096-00	Boothite	--	--
NMNH 169097-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH 169098-00	Chlorothionite	--	--
NMNH 169099-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 169168-00	Carobbiite	--	--
NMNH 169505-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 169575-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH 169577-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 170027-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 35724	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36144	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36331	Trachyte	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 36331-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 36542	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36543	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36544	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36545	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36546	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36547	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 36594	Welded Tuff	--	--
NMNH 36598	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 36603	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 36743-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 36743-01	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 36747-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 38789	Basanite	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 39154-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH 45342	Lava	--	--
NMNH 45366-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 45376-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH 45403-00	Epidote	--	--
NMNH 45405-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 47063-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH 47064-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 47065-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH 47066-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH 47067-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 47068-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 47068-01	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 47069-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 47070-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH 47071-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 47072-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 53117	Lava	--	--
NMNH 53122-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 53123	Basalt	--	--
NMNH 53597	Leucite Lava	--	--
NMNH 53597	Leucite Lava	--	--
NMNH 53598	Unidentified	--	--
NMNH 53600	Limestone	--	--
NMNH 53601	Leucite Lava	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 53602	Skarn	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 53603	Lava	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 53604	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 61046	Tuff	--	--
NMNH 61052	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 61053	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 61054	Unidentified	--	--
NMNH 61056	Volcanic Dust	--	--
NMNH 6763	Sanidinite	--	--
NMNH 67998	Lazurite	--	--
NMNH 67999-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 68002-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 69634	Micaceous Limestone	--	--
NMNH 69637	Websterite	--	--
NMNH 72964	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72965-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 72966	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72967	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72969-1	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72969-2	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72970	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72973	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72974	Basalt	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72975	Anorthite	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72977	Limestone	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72978	Volcanic Block	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72980	Extrusive Volcanic Rock	--	--
NMNH 72981	Volcanic Breccia	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72982	Volcanic Breccia	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 72985	Lava	--	--
NMNH 72986	Lava	--	--
NMNH 72989	Lava	--	--
NMNH 72990	Unidentified	--	--
NMNH 72991-00	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH 72991-01	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH 72992	Volcanic Bomb	NEA KAMENI DOME	--
NMNH 72993-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 73025	Tuff	--	--
NMNH 73048	Olivine (?)	--	--
NMNH 73053	Lava	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 73054	Liparite	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 73140	Olivine	--	--
NMNH 75397	Lava	--	--
NMNH 75397-1	Basalt	--	--
NMNH 75397-2	Basalt	--	--
NMNH 75397-3	Basalt	--	--
NMNH 76655	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 76656	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76657	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76658	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 76659	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 76660	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 76661	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76663	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76664	Sand	--	--
NMNH 76665	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76666	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 76667	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 77142	Volcanic Ash	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 78695-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH 79543-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 79731-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH 79735-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH 81031-00	Aragonite	--	--
NMNH 81033-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH 81053-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH 81975-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 84129-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH 84154-00	Cyanochroite	--	--
NMNH 84623-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 84678-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH 85166-00	Thermonatrite	--	--
NMNH 85175-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH 85184-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH 85187-00	Molysite	--	--
NMNH 85206-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH 85697-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 86186-00	Belonesite	--	--
NMNH 86187-00	Euchlorine	--	--
NMNH 86187-01	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH 88653	Lava	--	--
NMNH 91981	Volcanic Bomb	--	--
NMNH 91984	Leucite Tephrite	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 91992	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 91995	Leucite Tephrite	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 91998	Basanite	--	--
NMNH 92003-1	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-10	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-11	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-12	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-13	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-14	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-15	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-16	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-17	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-18	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-19	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-2	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-20	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-21	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-22	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-3	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-4	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-5	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-6	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-7	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-8	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92003-9	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92137-1	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92137-2	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92137-3	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92137-4	Igneous Rock	MONTE SOMMA	--
NMNH 92985-00	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH 93031-00	Eriochalcite	--	--
NMNH 93061-00	Granuline	--	--
NMNH 93061-01	Granuline	--	--
NMNH 93065-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH 93344-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH 93545-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH 93945-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH 93993-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH 94067-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH 94084-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH 94091-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH 94143-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH 94175-00	Chlormanganokalite	--	--
NMNH 94994-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH 94995-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH 94996-00	Hydrophilite	--	--
NMNH 95147-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH 95581-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH 95706-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH 95712-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 95712-02	Leucite	--	--
NMNH 95892-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH 99424	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 99425-6	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 99426	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 99427	Leucite Tephrite	--	--
NMNH 99428	Tephrite	--	--
NMNH B10044-00	Aragonite	--	--
NMNH B10324-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH B10325-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH B10533-00	Hydrogiobertite	--	--
NMNH B10776-00	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH B10795-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH B10873-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH B11850-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH B11851-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH B11880-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH B11982-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH B12092-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH B12102-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B12104-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B12208-00	Euchlorine	--	--
NMNH B12250-00	Cyanochroite	--	--
NMNH B12386-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH B12465-00	Cupromagnesite	--	--
NMNH B12480-00	Melanterite	--	--
NMNH B1310-00	Sphalerite	--	--
NMNH B1314-00	Sphalerite	--	--
NMNH B13533-00	Apatite	--	--
NMNH B13988-00	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH B13989-00	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH B15186-00	Vonsenite	--	--
NMNH B15226-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15227-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15229-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15230-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15231-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15231-01	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15231-02	Melilite	--	--
NMNH B15267-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH B15268-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15269-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15270-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15271-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15272-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15273-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15274-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15275-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15276-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15277-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15278-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15279-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15280-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B15706-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B16259-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH B16557-00	Fluorite	--	--
NMNH B16558-00	Fluorite	--	--
NMNH B16559-00	Fluorite	--	--
NMNH B16902-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16903-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16904-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16905-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16949-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16950-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B16965-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16966-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16967-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16968-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16969-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16970-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16971-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B16972-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH B17139-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH B17140-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH B17141-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH B17142-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH B17143-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH B17268-00	Analcime	--	--
NMNH B17321-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH B17330-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH B17340-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B17342-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B17387-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH B17634-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH B17655-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH B17682-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH B17738-00	Gismondine	--	--
NMNH B18347-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH B18364-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18368-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18380-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18381-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18382-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18383-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18384-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18385-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18386-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18387-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18388-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18401-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18420-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18421-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18425-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18496-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18497-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18498-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18499-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18524-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18527-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH B18646-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH B18647-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH B18647-01	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH B18648-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH B18706-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18707-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18708-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18709-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18710-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18713-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18714-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18715-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18716-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18717-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18718-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18719-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18720-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18721-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18722-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18723-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH B18893-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH B18944-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18945-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18946-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18947-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18948-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18949-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B18950-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH B19016-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B19017-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH B19323-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B19375-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH B19414-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH B19415-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH B19480-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH B19516-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH B19567-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B19613-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH B19614-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH B19644-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH B19723-00	Calcite	--	--
NMNH B1985-00	Galena	--	--
NMNH B19935-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19936-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19936-01	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19937-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19938-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19939-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19940-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19943-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19944-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19945-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19946-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19947-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19948-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19949-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19950-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19951-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19961-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19993-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B19994-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B20012-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B20013-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B20015-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B20016-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH B20017-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH B20019-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH B20020-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH B20021-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20022-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20023-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20024-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20025-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20028-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH B20029-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH B2003-00	Galena	--	--
NMNH B20043-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20044-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH B20045-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH B20051-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH B20333-00	Titanite	--	--
NMNH B20334-00	Titanite	--	--
NMNH B20830-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20848-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20851-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20867-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20868-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20872-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20874-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20878-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20887-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20888-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20903-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20905-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20906-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20907-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH B20996-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH B20997-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH B20998-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH B20999-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH B21028-00	Lazurite	--	--
NMNH B21039-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH B21041-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH B21115-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH B21116-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH B21117-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21118-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21124-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21125-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21126-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21127-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21128-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21129-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21130-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21131-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21132-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21133-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH B21148-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH B21149-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH B21237-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH B21238-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH B21239-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH B21240-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH B21246-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH B21252-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH B21261-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21263-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH B21264-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH B21265-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH B21266-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH B21267-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH B21297-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH B21308-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH B21309-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH B21336-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21337-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21338-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21339-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21340-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21341-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21342-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21343-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH B21386-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21387-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21388-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21389-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21390-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21391-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21392-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21393-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21394-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21395-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21396-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B21397-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH B3715-00	Galena	--	--
NMNH B4121-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH B5651-00	Tridymite	--	--
NMNH B6193-00	Baddeleyite	--	--
NMNH B6356-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6358-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6359-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6360-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6361-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6362-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6363-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6364-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6365-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B6366-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH B672-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH B6774-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH B6776-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH B695-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH B7288-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7292-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7293-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7295-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7297-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7306-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7321-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7322-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7356-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7357-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH B7578-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH B7579-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH B7805-00	Halite	--	--
NMNH B7809-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH B7818-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH B7819-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH B7822-00	Sal Ammoniac	--	--
NMNH B7967-00	Aragonite	--	--
NMNH B8172-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8173-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8174-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8175-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8179-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8197-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH B8199-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH B8235-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8238-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH B8558-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH B8559-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH B8609-00	Hydrophilite	--	--
NMNH B8610-00	Rinneite	--	--
NMNH B8612-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH B8638-00	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH B8640-00	Melanothallite	--	--
NMNH B8644-00	Paratacamite	--	--
NMNH B956-00	Siderazot	--	--
NMNH C1025-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH C1410-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH C1435-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH C1479-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH C1479-01	Hematite	--	--
NMNH C1480-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH C1591-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH C2028-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH C2241-00	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH C2357-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH C2357-01	Leucite	--	--
NMNH C2357-02	Leucite	--	--
NMNH C2357-03	Leucite	--	--
NMNH C2378-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH C2390-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH C2440-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH C2546-00	Vonsenite	--	--
NMNH C2576-00	Katophorite	--	--
NMNH C2650-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH C2651-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH C2657-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH C2657-01	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH C2660-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH C2665-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH C2665-01	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH C2666-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH C2672-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH C2801-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH C2810-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH C2875-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH C2876-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH C2891-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH C2897-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH C2899-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH C2900-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH C2908-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH C2909-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH C2940-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH C3114-00	Epidote	--	--
NMNH C3190-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH C3195-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH C3196-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH C3207-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH C3208-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH C3310-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH C3933-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH C4194-00	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH C4194-01	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH C4522-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH C4602-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH C5250-00	Ferruccite	--	--
NMNH C6366-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH C7031-00	Magnesiohornblende	--	--
NMNH C886-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH C887-00	Sylvite	--	--
NMNH C888-00	Chlormanganokalite	--	--
NMNH C889-00	Sal Ammoniac	--	--
NMNH C907-00	Hydrophilite	--	--
NMNH C988-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH C989-00	Pseudocotunnite	--	--
NMNH C990-00	Molysite	--	--
NMNH M10190-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10191-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10192-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10193-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10194-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10195-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10196-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH M10391-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH M10393-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH M10699-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH M10700-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH M11068-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11069-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11070-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11071-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11072-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11073-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11074-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11075-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11076-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M11219-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH M11220-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH M11221-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH M11222-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH M11829-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH M11830-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH M11831-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH M11832-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH M13804-00	Sal Ammoniac	--	--
NMNH M14762-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14763-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14764-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14765-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14766-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14767-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14768-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14769-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14770-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14771-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14772-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14773-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14774-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14775-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14776-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M14777-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH M1523-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH M1524-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH M1525-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH M15402-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH M15403-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH M15519-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH M16429-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16430-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16431-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16432-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16433-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16434-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16435-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16436-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16437-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M16438-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M22020-00	Andradite	--	--
NMNH M22038-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH M22039-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH M22063-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH M22064-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH M22138-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH M22197-00	Ferrohornblende	--	--
NMNH M22249-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH M22265-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH M22294-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH M22302-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH M22331-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M22332-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M22333-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH M22392-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH M22413-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH M22438-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH M22443-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH M2494-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH M2495-00	Biotite	--	--
NMNH M259-00	Almandine	--	--
NMNH M3277-00	Cannizzarite	--	--
NMNH M3943-00	Chondrodite	--	--
NMNH M3944-00	Chondrodite	--	--
NMNH M3945-00	Chondrodite	--	--
NMNH M3946-00	Chondrodite	--	--
NMNH M3947-00	Chondrodite	--	--
NMNH M4099-00	Clinochlore	--	--
NMNH M4269-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH M4270-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH M4271-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH M4272-00	Clinohumite	--	--
NMNH M4679-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH M4680-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH M4681-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH M5592-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH M5593-00	Diopside	--	--
NMNH M6691-00	Fluorite	--	--
NMNH M6931-00	Gahnite	--	--
NMNH M8025-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH M8291-00	Hiortdahlite	--	--
NMNH M8371-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8372-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8373-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8374-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8375-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8376-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8377-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8378-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8379-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8380-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH M8428-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8429-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8430-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8431-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8432-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8433-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M8434-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH M9549-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH M9944-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH M9945-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH M9946-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH M9976-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH M9977-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH M9978-00	Magnetite	--	--
NMNH R10044-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH R10079-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH R10080-00	Natrodavyne	--	--
NMNH R10248-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH R10288-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH R10300-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH R10303-00	Dolomite	--	--
NMNH R10347-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH R10348-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH R10349-00	Lazurite	--	--
NMNH R10350-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH R10351-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH R10782-00	Almandine	--	--
NMNH R11373-00	Hydrogiobertite	--	--
NMNH R11393-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH R11437	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH R11586-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH R11772-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R1212-00	Chlornatrokalite	--	--
NMNH R1213-00	Chlormanganokalite	--	--
NMNH R1214-00	Sal Ammoniac	--	--
NMNH R12446-00	Rinneite	--	--
NMNH R1260-00	Hydrophilite	--	--
NMNH R12954-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH R12955-00	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH R1299-00	Sellaite	--	--
NMNH R1300-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH R1301-00	Pseudocotunnite	--	--
NMNH R1302-00	Molysite	--	--
NMNH R1316-00	Cryptohalite	--	--
NMNH R1349-00	Atacamite	--	--
NMNH R1351-00	Eriochalcite	--	--
NMNH R1353-00	Atelite	--	--
NMNH R1353-01	Atelite	--	--
NMNH R1354-00	Melanothallite	--	--
NMNH R1357-00	Nocerite	--	--
NMNH R1358-00	Nocerite	--	--
NMNH R1363-00	Kremersite	--	--
NMNH R1364-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH R14728-00	Phillipsite	--	--
NMNH R15328-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH R15329-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R16303-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH R16305-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH R1668-00	Granuline	--	--
NMNH R16766-00	Malladrite	--	--
NMNH R16948-00	Chlornatrokalite	--	--
NMNH R1717-00	Opal	--	--
NMNH R173-00	Sulfur	--	--
NMNH R1789-00	Periclase	--	--
NMNH R1818-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH R1818-01	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH R1868-00	Hematite	--	--
NMNH R1950-00	Spinel	--	--
NMNH R1986-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH R1987-00	Magnesioferrite	--	--
NMNH R2747-00	Hydromagnesite	--	--
NMNH R2749-00	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH R2749-01	Hydrodolomite	--	--
NMNH R2827-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH R2828-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH R2828-01	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH R2929-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH R2930-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH R2946-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH R2947-00	Leucite	--	--
NMNH R3034-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH R3053-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH R3197-00	Ludwigite	--	--
NMNH R3197-01	Ludwigite	--	--
NMNH R3205-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH R3205-01	Pyroxene	--	--
NMNH R3225-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH R3226-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH R3226-01	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH R3353-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R3353-01	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R3358-00	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH R3358-01	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH R3358-02	Kaliophilite	--	--
NMNH R3359-00	Cancrinite	--	--
NMNH R3364-00	Microsommite	--	--
NMNH R3365-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R3366-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH R3373-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH R3375-00	Hauyne	--	--
NMNH R3393-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH R3410-00	Grossular	--	--
NMNH R3491-00	Monticellite	--	--
NMNH R3496-00	Forsterite	--	--
NMNH R3501-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH R3510-00	Olivine	--	--
NMNH R3558-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH R3559-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH R3559-01	Meionite	--	--
NMNH R3577-00	Mizzonite	--	--
NMNH R3596-00	Sarcolite	--	--
NMNH R3599-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH R3600-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH R3600-01	Melilite	--	--
NMNH R3614-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH R3615-00	Vesuvianite	--	--
NMNH R3646-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH R3870-00	Cuspidine	--	--
NMNH R3871-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH R3871-01	Humite	--	--
NMNH R3999-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH R4087-00	Avogadrite	--	--
NMNH R4088-00	Bromo	--	--
NMNH R4093-00	Rinneite	--	--
NMNH R4094-00	Siderazot	--	--
NMNH R4155-00	Gismondine	--	--
NMNH R4265-00	Palmierite	--	--
NMNH R4267-00	Mitscherlichite	--	--
NMNH R4268-00	Chloromagnesite	--	--
NMNH R4329-00	Thomsonite	--	--
NMNH R4351-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH R4984-00	Titanite	--	--
NMNH R5003-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH R5308-00	Cryphiolite	--	--
NMNH R5367-00	Descloizite	--	--
NMNH R571-00	Sphalerite	--	--
NMNH R5911-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH R5912-00	Aphthitalite	--	--
NMNH R6023-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH R6040-00	Chlorothionite	--	--
NMNH R6060-00	Dolerophanite	--	--
NMNH R6084-00	Vernadskite	--	--
NMNH R6090-00	Exanthalose	--	--
NMNH R6126-00	Bassanite	--	--
NMNH R6152-00	Cupromagnesite	--	--
NMNH R6156-00	Chalcanthite	--	--
NMNH R6157-00	Chalcanthite	--	--
NMNH R6162-00	Syngenite	--	--
NMNH R6165-00	Blodite	--	--
NMNH R6170-00	Cyanochroite	--	--
NMNH R6194-00	Halotrichite	--	--
NMNH R6420-00	Belonesite	--	--
NMNH R6452-00	Wollastonite	--	--
NMNH R6461-00	Litidionite	--	--
NMNH R6466-00	Baddeleyite	--	--
NMNH R6542-00	Akermanite	--	--
NMNH R6794-00	Davyne	--	--
NMNH R6953-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH R7020-00	Meionite	--	--
NMNH R7094-00	Stilbite	--	--
NMNH R7222-00	Pseudocotunnite	--	--
NMNH R7223-00	Orthoclase	--	--
NMNH R7224-00	Cryptohalite	--	--
NMNH R7225-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH R7225-01	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH R7226-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH R7227-00	Hornblende	--	--
NMNH R7229-00	Apatite	--	--
NMNH R7437-00	Tenorite	--	--
NMNH R8289-00	Melilite	--	--
NMNH R8315-00	Cryptohalite	--	--
NMNH R8316-00	Erythrosiderite	--	--
NMNH R8317-00	Dolerophanite	--	--
NMNH R8318-00	Hydrosilicite	--	--
NMNH R8319-00	Siderazot	--	--
NMNH R8321-00	Galena	--	--
NMNH R8914-00	Anorthite	--	--
NMNH R8935-00	Muscovite	--	--
NMNH R8938-00	Humite	--	--
NMNH R9193-00	Cotunnite	--	--
NMNH R9564-00	Fluorite	--	--
NMNH R9575-00	Guarinite	--	--
NMNH R9592-00	Zircon	--	--
NMNH R9616-00	Realgar	--	--
NMNH R9628-00	Chalcocyanite	--	--
NMNH R9661-00	Nepheline	--	--
NMNH R9786-00	Augite	--	--
NMNH R9789-00	Cavolinite	--	--
NMNH R9807-00	Sodalite	--	--
NMNH R9825-00	Nepheline	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Vesuvius. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Vesuvius. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Vesuvius

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).