Global Volcanism Program | Perbakti-Gagak

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Perbakti-Gagak.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Perbakti-Gagak.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Perbakti-Gagak.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Endut, Gunung

Stratovolcano

1487 m

6° 46' 51" S

106° 40' 42" E

Gagak, Gunung

Stratovolcano

1525 m

6° 43' 47" S

106° 39' 1" E

Perbakti, Gunung

Stratovolcano

1726 m

6° 44' 36" S

106° 41' 52" E

Craters

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Kiaraberes

Crater

Thermal

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Awibengkok

Thermal

Cibeureum
Tjibeureum

Thermal

Cibeureum Palasari
Tjibeureum Palasari

Thermal

Cibodas, Cipanas
Tjibodas, Tjipanas

Thermal

Cibodas, Kawah
Tjibodas, Kawah

Thermal

Cikaluwung, Cipanas
Tjikaluwung, Tjipanas

Thermal

Cikaluwungherang, Kawah

Thermal

Cipamatutan
Tjipamatutan

Thermal

Cisekati, Cipanas
Tjisekati, Tjipanas

Thermal

Ciseupan, Cipanas
Tjiseupan, Tjipanas

Thermal

Old Crater

Thermal

Parabakti, Cipanas
Parabakti, Tjipanas

Thermal

Parabakti, Kawah

Thermal

Sumber Panas

Thermal

Taman, Kawah

Thermal

Tjikaluwungherang, Kawah [Cikaluwungherang

Thermal

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

263040

1939 CE

1,726 m / 5,663 ft

6.75°S
106.675°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano(es)
Lava dome(s)

Rock Types

Major
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Rhyolite
Dacite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

1,490
28,784
2,333,456
36,630,568

Geological Summary

The Perbakti-Gagak volcanic complex, also known as Kiaraberes-Gagak, is a cluster of deeply eroded stratovolcanoes situated immediately SW of Salak volcano. The summit ridge of Gunung Perbakti is elongated in a NW-SE direction, and Gunung Endut volcano rises above a saddle to its SW. Gunung Gagak, to the NW, is capped by pumice and obsidian, with obsidian lava flows extending N and NE. Quaternary rhyolitic lava domes form a NNE-trending chain at the eastern side of the complex. Two 2-km-wide depressions on the northern and southern sides of Perbakti form the headwaters of the Kaluwung Herang and Pamatutan rivers, respectively. The complex is marked by vigorous geothermal activity. Fumaroles, mud pots, and hot springs are located on the S and SE flanks of Perbakti and at the Kiaraberes area, which includes the commercial geothermal field of Awibengkok. Mild phreatic eruptions took place during the Holocene into historical time from flank fumarolic fields.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Bronto S, 1995. (pers. comm.).

Kaswanda O, Said H, Rahardja N, 1987. (pers. comm.).

Neumann van Padang M, 1951. Indonesia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 1: 1-271.

Stimac J, Sugiaman F, 2000. The Awi 1-2 core research program: Part 1, Geologic overview of the Awibengkok geothermal field. Proc World Geotherm Cong 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28 - June 10, 2000, p 2221-2226.

Zaennudin A, Sutawidjadja I S, Aswin D, 1993. Geological map of Salak volcano, West Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 7 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1939 Apr 6 (in or before) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Parabakti

1939 Apr 6 (in or before) - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Parabakti

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1939 Apr 6 (in or before)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1938 Dec Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Parabakti

1938 Dec - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Parabakti

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1938 Dec	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1936 Oct 26 - 1936 Oct 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Cipanas Parabakti

1936 Oct 26 - 1936 Oct 28

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Cipanas Parabakti

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1936 Oct 26	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1935 May 31 ± 30 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Cibodas

1935 May 31 ± 30 days - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Cibodas

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1935 May 31 ± 30 days	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1929 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Cibeureum West

1929 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Cibeureum West

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1929	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1923 Jun Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Cibodas

1923 Jun - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Cibodas

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
	1923 Jun	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

6450 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kiaraberes

6450 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Kiaraberes

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Perbakti-Gagak.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Perbakti-Gagak.

Photo Gallery

Kiaraberes-Gagak, seen here from the west, is part of the Perbakti-Gagak volcanic field. The eroded stratovolcano contains numerous fumarolic areas on its flanks. Pumice and obsidian deposits are at the top the volcano and obsidian lava flows extend to the N and NE. Mild phreatic eruptions took place in historical time from flank fumarole fields at the Perbakti-Gagak complex.

Anonymous, 1989.

The deeply eroded Gunung Perbakti (center) rises above forests to its N, flanked by Gunung Endut (left) and Gunung Salak (right) volcanoes. Perbakti and Endut are part of the Perbatkti-Gagak volcanic complex. The summit ridge of Perbakti is elongated in a NW-SE direction, and Endut volcano rises to the SW of Perbakti. Phreatic explosions have occurred during historical time at the Perbakti-Gagak complex as well as geothermal activity.

Anonymous, 1989.

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 1 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 117455-5	Obsidian	Kiaraberes	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Perbakti-Gagak. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Perbakti-Gagak. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Perbakti-Gagak

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).