Most Recent Weekly Report: 4 July-10 July 2007 Cite this Report

According to news articles, sulfur gas poisoning from one of Salak's fume-filled craters was suspected in the deaths of six teenagers on 7 July. Several more poisoned students were taken to a nearby hospital for treatment. The students were part of a group camping on the volcano for the weekend.

Sources: Reuters, Deutsche Presse-Agentur

Most Recent Bulletin Report: September 2007 (BGVN 32:09) Cite this Report

Weekly Reports - Index

2007: July

4 July-10 July 2007 Cite this Report

According to news articles, sulfur gas poisoning from one of Salak's fume-filled craters was suspected in the deaths of six teenagers on 7 July. Several more poisoned students were taken to a nearby hospital for treatment. The students were part of a group camping on the volcano for the weekend.

Sources: Reuters; Deutsche Presse-Agentur

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This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Synonyms
Satak
Craters
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Cangkuang     Tjiangkuang	Crater
Thermal
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Cibodas, Kawah     Tjibodas, Kawah	Thermal
Cigamea, Kawah     Tjigamea, Kawah	Thermal
Cihideung, Cipanas     Tjihideung, Tjipanas	Thermal
Cikaluwung Putri, Kawah     Tjikaluwung Putri, Kawah	Thermal
Cipanas, Kawah     Tjipanas, Kawah	Thermal
Cisalada, Cipanas     Tjisalada, Tjipanas	Thermal
Cisalada, Kawah     Tjisalada, Kawah	Thermal
Hirup, Kawah	Thermal
Idup, Kawah	Thermal
Paeh, Kawah	Thermal
Ratu, Kawah	Thermal
Susah, Kawah	Thermal

Basic Data Volcano Number Last Known Eruption Elevation Latitude Longitude 263050 1938 CE 2,218 m / 7,277 ft 6.716°S 106.733°E Morphology Volcano Landform Composite Volcano Types Stratovolcano Lava dome(s) Pyroclastic cone(s) Rock Types Major Andesite / Basaltic Andesite Basalt / Picro-Basalt Tectonic Setting Subduction zone Continental crust (> 25 km) Population Within 5 km Within 10 km Within 30 km Within 100 km 1,367 80,578 2,675,904 38,154,252

Geological Summary The forested Salak volcano was constructed at the NE end of an eroded volcanic range. Satellitic cones occur on the SW flank and at the northern foot, and two large breached craters truncate the summit. One crater is breached to the NE and the westernmost crater was the source of a debris-avalanche deposit that extends 10 km WNW of the summit. Phreatic explosions have been recorded from a solfataric area at 1,400 m on the western flank. Salak volcano has been the site of extensive geothermal exploration. References The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Neumann van Padang M, 1951. Indonesia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 1: 1-271. Zaennudin A, Sutawidjadja I S, Aswin D, 1993. Geological map of Salak volcano, West Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 5 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Salak.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Salak.

Photo Gallery

The eroded Gunung Salak volcano lies at the NE end of a dissected volcanic range in western Java. Historical eruptions have been restricted to craters in solfataric areas on Its western flank.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1971. Salak is a strongly eroded volcano in western Java with flank cones on the SW flank and northern foot. Its summit crater is dormant and historical eruptions have been restricted to phreatic explosions from craters in a solfataric area at 1400 m on the western flank.

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1971. The deeply eroded Gunung Perbakti (center) rises above forests to its N, flanked by Gunung Endut (left) and Gunung Salak (right) volcanoes. Perbakti and Endut are part of the Perbatkti-Gagak volcanic complex. The summit ridge of Perbakti is elongated in a NW-SE direction, and Endut volcano rises to the SW of Perbakti. Phreatic explosions have occurred during historical time at the Perbakti-Gagak complex as well as geothermal activity.

Anonymous, 1989. An aerial view from the west shows the profile eroded Salak volcano. Two craters trending SW and NE truncate the summit of the volcano.

Anonymous, 1989. Gunung Salak is seen here from a village on the NE flank. Smaller cones are on the SW flank and at the northern foot of the forested, extensively eroded volcano. Two large breached craters are at the summit. Historical eruptions from have consisted of phreatic explosions from craters on the western flank. Salak volcano has been the site of extensive geothermal exploration.

Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1982. Two large breached craters truncate the summit of Gunung Salak. Historical eruptions from have consisted of phreatic explosions from craters on the western flank. Salak volcano has been the site of extensive geothermal exploration.

Photo by Cahya Patria, 2005 (Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 1 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 86577	Rhyolite	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser	The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.
MIROVA	Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts	Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.
WOVOdat    Single Volcano View    Temporal Evolution of Unrest    Side by Side Volcanoes	WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore. GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.
Volcanic Hazard Maps	The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.
IRIS seismic stations/networks	Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Salak. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations	Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Salak. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.
DECADE Data	The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.
Large Eruptions of Salak	Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).
EarthChem	EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).