Global Volcanism Program | Gede-Pangrango

Gede-Pangrango

Google Earth Placemark with Features

Cite Volcano Profile

Indonesia
Sunda Volcanic Arc
Composite | Stratovolcano(es)
1957 CE

Country
Volcanic Region
Landform | Volc Type
Last Known Eruption

6.786°S
106.983°E
3,026 m
9,928 ft
263060

Latitude
Longitude
Summit
Elevation
Volcano
Number

Most Recent Bulletin Report: June 1991 (BGVN 16:06) Cite this Report

Seismicity declines without eruption after April/May swarm

High seismicity associated with the 29 April-1 May swarm activity has continuously declined since late May (figure 1). An average of one volcanic earthquake/day was recorded in June, compared to 43/day in April and 5/day in May. No surface activity was observed.

Figure 1. Daily number of earthquakes at Gede, April-May 1991. Courtesy of VSI.

Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Gede-Pangrango.

Bulletin Reports - Index

Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.

04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Earthquake swarm

05/1991 (BGVN 16:05) Brief earthquake swarm

06/1991 (BGVN 16:06) Seismicity declines without eruption after April/May swarm

Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted)

April 1991 (BGVN 16:04) Cite this Report

Earthquake swarm

A swarm of 100 volcanic earthquakes (40 deep and 60 shallow) was recorded on 29 April, an increase from the previous daily average of 10-15 events. Tectonic earthquakes averaged 1-2/day. Seismicity had been increasing since February. No surface activity was observed.

Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.

May 1991 (BGVN 16:05) Cite this Report

Brief earthquake swarm

Three shocks were felt (intensities I-III) on 30 April. Seismicity later returned to normal levels (10-15 events/day) during the second week of May (table 1).

Table 1. Number of earthquakes at Gede, May 1991. Courtesy of VSI.

Dates	Deep Volcanic (VT)	Shallow Volcanic	Tectonic
01-04 May 1991	22	51	47
05-11 May 1991	197	635	9
12-18 May 1991	8	16	20
19-25 May 1991	23	8	9
26-31 May 1991	9	8	13

Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.

June 1991 (BGVN 16:06) Cite this Report

Seismicity declines without eruption after April/May swarm

Figure 1. Daily number of earthquakes at Gede, April-May 1991. Courtesy of VSI.

Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Gede
Gedeh

Cone - Crater

2965 m

6° 47' 23" S

106° 59' 0" E

Gemuruh
Gumuruh

Stratovolcano

2937 m

6° 47' 53" S

106° 59' 31" E

Pangrango
Pangerango

Stratovolcano

3026 m

6° 46' 15" S

106° 57' 54" E

Craters

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Baru

Crater

Lanang

Crater

2800 m

Leutik, Kawah

Crater

Ratu

Crater

2676 m

6° 47' 16" S

106° 58' 55" E

Sela

Crater

2709 m

Wadon

Crater

2567 m

6° 46' 55" S

106° 58' 52" E

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

263060

1957 CE

3,026 m / 9,928 ft

6.786°S
106.983°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano(es)
Caldera(s)

Rock Types

Major
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Basalt / Picro-Basalt

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

2,500
154,390
2,315,469
40,640,105

Geological Summary

The two peaks of the Gede-Pangrango volcanic complex overlook the major cities of Cianjur, Sukabumi, and Bogor, situated to the E, S, and NW, respectively. The summit of Gunung Pangrango, constructed over the NE rim of a 3 x 5 km caldera, forms the high point. Many lava flows are visible on the flanks of the younger Gunung Gede to the SE of Pangrango. The steep-walled summit crater has migrated about 1 km NNW over time. Two large debris-avalanche deposits are present on its flanks, one of which underlies the city of Cianjur. Activity recorded since the 16th century has typically consisted of small short explosive eruptions.

This volcano is located within the Cibodas, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve property.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Kusumadinata K, 1979. Data Dasar Gunungapi Indonesia. Bandung: Volc Surv Indonesia, 820 p.

Neumann van Padang M, 1951. Indonesia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 1: 1-271.

Situmorang T, Hadisantono R D, 1992. Geologic map of Gede volcano, Cianjur, West Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map.

Taverne N J M, 1926. Vulkanstudien op Java. Vulk Meded, 7: 1-132.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 22 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1957 Mar 13 - 1957 Mar 13 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1957 Mar 13 - 1957 Mar 13

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	weak or small
1957 Mar 13	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1956 Apr 28 - 1956 Apr 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1956 Apr 28 - 1956 Apr 28

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Incandescence	Event was "Glow"
1956 Apr 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1955 Jul 21 - 1955 Aug 2 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1955 Jul 21 - 1955 Aug 2

Evidence from Unknown

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity	weak or small
	1955 Jul 21	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1948 Nov 15 - 1949 Feb 5 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Leutik (Kawah Ratu)

1948 Nov 15 - 1949 Feb 5

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Leutik (Kawah Ratu)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Mud
- - - -	- - - -	Flames
- - - -	- - - -	Lightning
1948 Nov 15	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1947 Sep 2 - 1948 Jan 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Kawah Ratu?, Kawah Lanang

1947 Sep 2 - 1948 Jan 28

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Kawah Ratu?, Kawah Lanang

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
1947 Sep 2	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1909 May 2 - 1909 May 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption

1909 May 2 - 1909 May 2

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	weak or small
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1909 May 2	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1899 May 1 - 1899 May 14 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1899 May 1 - 1899 May 14

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1899 May 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1891 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1891 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1891	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1889 May 8 (in or before) ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1889 May 8 (in or before) - Unknown

Evidence from Unknown

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Volcanic "smoke"
	1889 May 8 (in or before)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1888 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1888 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1888	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1887 Oct 22 - 1887 Oct 22 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1887 Oct 22 - 1887 Oct 22

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1887 Oct 22	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1886 Jun 10 - 1886 Aug 16 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1886 Jun 10 - 1886 Aug 16

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1886 Jun 10	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1885 Jan - 1885 Feb ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

1885 Jan - 1885 Feb

Evidence from Unknown

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
1885 Jan	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1870 Aug - 1870 Oct 3 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1870 Aug - 1870 Oct 3

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
1870 Aug	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1866 Sep 18 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1866 Sep 18 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1866 Sep 18	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1853 Mar 14 - 1853 Mar 14 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

1853 Mar 14 - 1853 Mar 14

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1853 Mar 14	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1852 May 28 - 1852 May 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1852 May 28 - 1852 May 28

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 6 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)	After.
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1852 May 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1848 May 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1848 May 8 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1848 May 8	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1847 Oct 17 - 1847 Oct 18 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1847 Oct 17 - 1847 Oct 18

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1847 Oct 17	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1845 Jan 23 - 1845 Mar 5 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1845 Jan 23 - 1845 Mar 5

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
1845 Jan 23	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1843 Jul 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1843 Jul 28 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1843 Jul 28	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1840 Nov 12 - 1840 Dec 11 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1840 Nov 12 - 1840 Dec 11

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 8 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Blocks
- - - -	- - - -	Earthquakes (undefined)
- - - -	- - - -	Property Damage
1840 Nov 12	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)
1840 Dec 1	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1839 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 \| Eruption
1839 - Unknown				Evidence from Unknown

1832 Aug 29 - 1832 Aug 29 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1832 Aug 29 - 1832 Aug 29

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
1832 Aug 29	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1761 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

1761 - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	1761	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1747 - 1748 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

1747 - 1748

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow	Uncertain
1747	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Gede-Pangrango.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Gede-Pangrango.

Photo Gallery

Gede volcano in western Java, seen here from the NE, is adjacent to Gunung Pangrango. Many lava flows are visible on its flanks, including some that may have been erupted in historical time. The steep-walled summit crater has migrated about 1 km to the NNW over time. Two large debris-avalanche deposits on its flanks record previous large-scale collapse events.

Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1990 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

A thick lava flow is exposed by the summit crater of Gede volcano. The 1-km-wide summit crater of Gede has migrated to the NNW over time and contains several smaller craters.

Photo by Sunaman (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

An aerial view from the NE shows the summit crater (right) of Gede volcano. The summit cone was constructed within an older crater, with the western rim forming the peak to the left.

Photo from Taverne, 1926, "Vulkaanstudien op Java," (courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

An aerial photo shows the partially forested summit of Gunung Gede volcano from the east. The two dashed lines to the left indicate the locations of Kawah Ratu (top) and Kawah Lanang craters (bottom), and the dashed line to the right indicates the site of Kawah Wadon crater. The flank of Gunung Pangrango, adjacent to Gede, is to the upper right.

Photo published in Taverne, 1926 "Vulkaanstudien op Java," (courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

The summit crater (right) of Gede is at the broad summit of the volcano. Gunung Gede is one of the most prominent volcanoes in western Java, immediately adjacent to Pangrango volcano to the NW. Many lava flows are visible on the flanks of the younger Gede. Activity recorded since the 16th century has typically consisted of small explosive eruptions of short duration.

Photo by Cahya Patria, 2004 (Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 2 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 101599	Unidentified	--	--
NMNH 101600	Unidentified	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Gede-Pangrango. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Gede-Pangrango. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Gede-Pangrango

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).