Global Volcanism Program

Ksudach

Google Earth Placemark with Features

Cite Volcano Profile

Russia
Kuril Volcanic Arc
Composite | Stratovolcano
1907 CE

Country
Volcanic Region
Landform | Volc Type
Last Known Eruption

51.844°N
157.572°E
1,079 m
3,540 ft
300050

Latitude
Longitude
Summit
Elevation
Volcano
Number

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Ksudach.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Ksudach.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Ksudach.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Synonyms

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Kamenistaya

Cone

1047 m

Craters

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Shtyubel' Crater
Stubel
Schtjubelja

Maar

630 m

51° 49' 0" N

157° 32' 0" E

Domes

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Chernyi Utes

Dome

Domeshnyaya

Dome

Nezametnaya

Dome

Paryashchyi Greben

Dome

Paryashchyi Utes

Dome

Sfinks

Dome

Stena

Dome

Tonkaya

Dome

Zamok

Dome

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

300050

1907 CE

1,079 m / 3,540 ft

51.844°N
157.572°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano
Caldera(s)
Pyroclastic cone(s)
Maar(s)

Rock Types

Major
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Dacite
Basalt / Picro-Basalt

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

0
0
244
3,850

Geological Summary

Ksudach is unique among Kamchatka volcanoes in its morphology and geologic history. It is a large, low-angle stratovolcano, constructed of alternating basaltic-andesitic lavas and dacitic pyroclastics, and is truncated by an intricate complex of five calderas. An array of post-caldera structures is truncated by later calderas, the last three of which formed during the Holocene, about 7,900 and 5,000 BCE and about 240 CE. The latter eruption was the second largest in Kamchatka during the Holocene, and produced about 20 km³ of rhyodacitic airfall tephra and 3-4 km³ of pyroclastic flows. The eastern part of the caldera complex contains two lakes, the northern of which forms an embayment in Shtyubel' (Stubel) Crater, a low-angle cone that began forming about 1,600 years ago in the youngest caldera. The only historical eruption, in 1907, originated from Shtyubel'.

This volcano is located within the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage property.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Andrews B J, Gardner J E, Tait S, Ponomareva V, Melekestsev I V, 2007. Dynamics of the 1800 14C yr BP caldera-forming eruption of Ksudach volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. In: Eichelberger J, Gordeev E, Izbekov P, Kasahara M, Lees J (eds), Volcanism and Subduction: the Kamchatka Region, Amer Geophys Union, Geophys Monogr, 172: 325-342.

Bindeman I N, Leonov V L, Izbekov P E, Ponomareva V V, Watts K E, Shipley N K, Perepelov A B, Bazanova L I, Jicha B R, Singer B S, Schmitt A K, Portnyagin M V, Chen C H, 2010. Large-volume silicic volcanism in Kamchatka: Ar-Ar and U- Pb ages, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of major pre-Holocene caldera-forming eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 189: 57-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.009

Braitseva O A, Melekestsev I V, Ponomareva V V, Kirianov V Y, 1996. The caldera-forming eruption of Ksudach volcano about cal. A.D. 240: the greatest explosive event of our era in Kamchatka, Russia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 70: 49-65.

Braitseva O A, Melekestsev I V, Ponomareva V V, Sulerzhitsky L D, 1995. Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia. Bull Volcanol, 57: 383-402.

Erlich E N, 1986. Geology of the calderas of Kamchatka and Kurile Islands with comparison to calderas of Japan and the Aleutians, Alaska. U S Geological Survey Open-File Report, 86-291: 1-300. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86291

Fedotov S A, Masurenkov Y P (eds), 1991. Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Moscow: Nauka Pub, 2 volumes.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Kozhemyaka N N, 1995. Active volcanoes of Kamchatka: types and growth time of cones, total volumes of erupted material, productivity, and composition of rocks. Volc Seism, 16: 581-594 (English translation).

Lamb H H, 1970. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance. Phil Trans Roy Soc London, Ser A, 266: 425-533.

Macias J L, Sheridan M F, 1995. Products of the 1907 eruption of Shtyubel' volcano, Ksudach caldera, Kamchatka, Russia. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 107: 969-986.

Masurenkov Y P (ed), 1980. Volcanic Center: Structure, Dynamics and Products. Moscow: Nauka Pub, 299 p (in Russian).

Melekestsev I V, Braitseva O A, Ponomareva V V, Sulerzhitskiy L D, 1995. Holocene catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions of Ksudach volcano, Kamchatka. Volc Seism, 17: 395-422 (English translation).

Melekestsev I V, Braitseva O A, Ponomareva V V, Sulerzhitsky L D, 1990. Ages and dynamics of development of the active volcanoes of the Kurile-Kamchatka region. Internatl Geol Rev, 32: 436-448.

Melekestsev I V, Sulerzhitsky L D, 1987. Ksudach volcano (Kamchatka) over the last ten thousand years. Volc Seism, 1987(4): 28-39 (English translation 1990, 9: 537-556).

Ponomareva V V, 1992. (pers. comm.).

Selyangin O B, 1987. Geological structure and evolution of the calderas of Ksudach volcano. Volc Seism, 1987(5): p 16-27 (English translation 1990, 9: 690-713).

Vlasov G M, 1967. Kamchatka, Kuril, and Komandorskiye Islands: geological description. In: Geol of the USSR, Moscow, 31: 1-827.

Vlodavetz V I, Piip B I, 1959. Kamchatka and Continental Areas of Asia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 8: 1-110.

Volynets O N, Ponomareva V V, Braitseva O A, Melekestsev I V, Chen C H, 1999. Holocene eruptive history of Ksudach volcanic massif, South Kamchatka: evolution of a large magmatic chamber. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 91: 23-42.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 15 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1907 Mar 28 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

Stubel, KSht3 tephra

1907 Mar 28 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Stubel, KSht3 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	extremely violent or catastrophic
- - - -	- - - -	Directed Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash	violent, strong, or large
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice	violent, strong, or large
1907 Mar 28 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1750 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Stubel, KSht2 tephra

1750 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Stubel, KSht2 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Lahar or Mudflow
1750 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1000 ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Stubel, KSht1 tephra

1000 ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Stubel, KSht1 tephra

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
1000 ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0700 (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

0700 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 1 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

0350 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Stubel

0350 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Stubel

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava dome	Uncertain
0350 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0240 ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 6

Episode 1 | Eruption

Ksudach V caldera, Tephra layer KS1

0240 ± 100 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at Ksudach V caldera, Tephra layer KS1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatomagmatic
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
0240 ± 100 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0200 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

0200 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	0200 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

3000 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Tephra layer KSbt

3000 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer KSbt

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
3000 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

4100 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

4100 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Tephra
4100 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

4550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

4550 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
4550 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

4750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

SW part of caldera IV (Paryashchiy Utes)

4750 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at SW part of caldera IV (Paryashchiy Utes)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava dome
- - - -	- - - -	Ash

4900 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

Ksudach IV caldera, Tephra layer KS2

4900 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Ksudach IV caldera, Tephra layer KS2

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatomagmatic
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
4900 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

5200 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

Ksudach IV caldera, Tephra layer KS3

5200 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at Ksudach IV caldera, Tephra layer KS3

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatomagmatic
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
5200 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

5600 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

5600 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Tephra

7900 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5

Episode 1 | Eruption

Ksudach III caldera, Tephra layer KS4

7900 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Ksudach III caldera, Tephra layer KS4

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pyroclastic flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Bombs
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
7900 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Ksudach.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Ksudach.

Photo Gallery

The NE wall of the Ksudach Shtyubel' crater is capped by bedded layers of tephra fall, pyroclastic flow, and pyroclastic surge deposits from the 1907 eruption. Three craters, 1.5, 0.6, and 0.4 km wide, formed along a NE-SW line. The eruption reduced the height of Shtyubel' cone by about 650 m and Shtyubel' lake filled the craters. The NE wall of Ksudach V caldera, inside which Shtyubel' cone was constructed, is visible at the top of the photo.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

One of the largest 20th-century eruptions in Kamchatka took place in March 1907 from Shtyubel' Crater (center) within the Ksudach caldera. Plinian explosive eruptions deposited 1.5 km³ of ash that extended as far as 1,000 km to the NNE. Plinian activity was followed by a laterally-directed explosion and the destruction of the Shtyubel' cone. Pyroclastic flows and surges traveled to the NW and over the Ksudach caldera walls. The eruption formed a chain of three craters (seen here from the NE) and lowered the height of the cone by about 650 m.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Lake Kluchevoe occupies the Ksudach IV caldera, which was formed during major explosive eruptions about 6,000 years ago. This view looks across the caldera lake to the southern caldera wall. The caldera rim forms the right-hand horizon. The caldera wall in this photo consists of two caldera rims, Ksudach IV to the right, and the late-Pleistocene Ksudach II caldera rim to the left. The Zamok lava dome is across the lake to the left-center.

Photo by Andrei Tvsestov.

The Ksudach IV caldera, now partly filled by lake Kluchevoe, formed during major explosive eruptions about 6,000 years ago. This view looks across the caldera lake to the SE walls of two calderas. The rim of the 700-m-high inner Ksudach IV caldera wall forms a bench that appears to be about 2/3 of the way up the cliff. The 3.5 x 4 km Ksudach IV caldera was the second Ksudach caldera to form during the Holocene. It formed within the 6 x 7.5 km late-Pleistocene Ksudach II caldera, whose rim forms the horizon.

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

A major explosive eruption about 1,800 years ago produced 10-15 km³ of tephra, including widespread pyroclastic flows, associated with formation of the 3.5 x 4.5 km Ksudach V caldera. The NE caldera wall forms the cliff to the upper left. Soon after this eruption, about 1,600 years ago, Shtyubel' cone began growing in the center of the caldera. A major eruption in 1907 created three large NE-SW-trending maar craters in the center of the photo. The craters have been largely filled by a lake.

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Ksudach, the large volcano seen here from the SW, contains five calderas with the northern of two caldera lakes (center) forming an embayment in Shtyubel' Crater. Situated within the youngest caldera, Ksudach V, Shtyubel’ has been active since about 1,600 years ago and an eruption in 1907 was one of Kamchatka's largest in historical time.

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

The small, low-angle, snow-free volcano near the center of this NASA International Space Station image (with N to the right) is Ozernoy volcano. This early Holocene cone is dwarfed by the Ksudach caldera to the SE (lower left).

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-19216, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 17 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 116556-10	Dacitic Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-13	Allivalite	--	--
NMNH 116556-50	Volcanic Ash	--	--
NMNH 116556-54	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-55	Andesite Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-56	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-57	Andesite Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-58	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-59	Andesite	--	--
NMNH 116556-64	Andesite	--	--
NMNH 116556-67	Pumice	--	--
NMNH 116556-69	Andesite	--	--
NMNH 116556-79	Andesite	--	--
NMNH 116556-80	Andesite	--	--
NMNH 116556-81	Dacite	--	--
NMNH 116556-82	Dacite	--	--
NMNH 116556-84	Basalt	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Ksudach. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Ksudach. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Ksudach

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).