Global Volcanism Program | Krasheninnikov

Krasheninnikov

Google Earth Placemark with Features

Cite Volcano Profile

Russia
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc
Composite | Caldera
1550 CE

Country
Volcanic Region
Landform | Volc Type
Last Known Eruption

54.596°N
160.27°E
1,816 m
5,958 ft
300190

Latitude
Longitude
Summit
Elevation
Volcano
Number

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Krasheninnikov.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Krasheninnikov.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Krasheninnikov.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Dima

Lava cone

Molodoy

Vent

Ozernoy

Cone

Pauk

Lava cone

1649 m

54° 36' 42" N

160° 16' 59" E

Yuzhny

Vent

Zametny

Pyroclastic cone

Craters

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Krokur

Maar

359 m

54° 42' 0" N

160° 22' 5" E

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

300190

1550 CE

1,816 m / 5,958 ft

54.596°N
160.27°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Caldera
Stratovolcano(es)
Pyroclastic cone(s)

Rock Types

Major
Basalt / Picro-Basalt
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Dacite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

308
308
814
4,674

Geological Summary

The late-Pleistocene to Holocene Krasheninnikov volcano is comprised of two overlapping stratovolcanoes within a 9 x 11 km Pleistocene caldera. Young lava flows from summit and flank vents descend both into the caldera and down its outer flanks. Tephra deposits from the caldera-forming eruption directly overlie a 39,000 years before present (BP) tephra thought to be associated with the formation of Uzon caldera (Florenskii, 1988). The intra-caldera stratovolcanoes are situated along a NE-SW-trending fissure that has also produced zones of Holocene cinder cones extending 15-20 km beyond the caldera. Construction of the southern edifice began about 11,000 years BP and lasted for about 4,500 years; it has a summit crater about 800-900 m wide. The northern edifice was constructed during a cycle of similar length that began about 6,500 years ago; it has a summit crater about 1.5 km wide, within which is low cone with an 800-m-wide crater containing another small cone. The present eruptive cycle began about 600 years BP, but has included only two documented eruptions, the last about 400 years ago.

This volcano is located within the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage property.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Erlich E N, 1986. Geology of the calderas of Kamchatka and Kurile Islands with comparison to calderas of Japan and the Aleutians, Alaska. U S Geological Survey Open-File Report, 86-291: 1-300. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86291

Fedotov S A, Masurenkov Y P (eds), 1991. Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Moscow: Nauka Pub, 2 volumes.

Florenskii I V, 1984. On the age of Uzon and Krasheninnikov calderas. Volc Seism, 1984(1): 102-106 (English translation 1988, 6: 147-154).

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Kozhemyaka N N, 1995. Active volcanoes of Kamchatka: types and growth time of cones, total volumes of erupted material, productivity, and composition of rocks. Volc Seism, 16: 581-594 (English translation).

Newhall C G, Dzurisin D, 1988. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1855: 1108 p, 2 vol.

Ponomareva V V, 1987. The history of Krasheninnikov volcano and the dynamics of its activity. Volc Seism, 1987(5): 28-44 (English translation 1990, 9: 714-741).

Ponomareva V V, Braitseva O A, 1990. Volcanic hazards for the area of the Kronotsky Lake - Uzon, Geizerny Valley. Volc Seism, 1990(1) p 27-44 (English translation 1991, 12: 42-69).

Ponomareva V V, Tsyurupa A A, 1985. Extended liquid acidic lava flows at Krasheninnikov volcano. Volc Seism, 1985(3): 85-92 (English translation 1988, 7: 447-458).

Vlodavetz V I, Piip B I, 1959. Kamchatka and Continental Areas of Asia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 8: 1-110.

Volynets O N, Ponomareva V V, Tsyurupa A A, 1989. Petrological and tephrochronological studies of Krasheninnikov volcano, Kamchatka. Internatl Geol Rev, 30: 1107-1122.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 31 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1550 (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone (Pauk) & SW of S cone

1550 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone (Pauk) & SW of S cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

1350 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0

Episode 1 | Eruption

SW flank of southern cone

1350 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank of southern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
	1350 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0850 (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

0850 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

0750 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Central N cone, SE flank of S cone

0750 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Central N cone, SE flank of S cone

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria
0750 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0650 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

NW flank and central northern cone

0650 (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at NW flank and central northern cone

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Lava dome
- - - -	- - - -	Tephra
0650 (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

0150 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Caldera	Explosion
0150 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

0250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

0350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

0350 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lapilli
- - - -	- - - -	Scoria

0650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone and southern cone flank

0650 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone and southern cone flank

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

0850 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone and southern cone flank

0850 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone and southern cone flank

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

1000 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

1000 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Directed Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Pumice
1000 BCE ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

1050 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	weak or small
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

1150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

1150 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

1350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption

N (Zametny) & S (Duga) flank fissures

1350 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at N (Zametny) & S (Duga) flank fissures

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
1350 BCE (?)	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

1650 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

2250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

2250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

2950 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone & N outer flank fissure

2950 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone & N outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

3250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

3250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

3550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone & N outer flank fissure

3550 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone & N outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone

4450 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern cone

4450 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Northern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

4850 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone

4850 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Ash

5050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone

5050 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

5250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern outer flank fissure

5250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Northern outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone

5450 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone

5450 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

5800 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone summit and west flank

5800 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone summit and west flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
5800 BCE ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

6000 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone summit and flank

6000 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone summit and flank

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Ash
6000 BCE ± 50 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

6250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Northern outer flank fissure

6250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Northern outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone

6350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone summit and flank

6350 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone summit and flank

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

6550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone summit, outer SW flank

6550 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone summit, outer SW flank

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
	- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow

7250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone & S outer flank fissure

7250 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone & S outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone

8050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

Southern cone & S outer flank fissure

8050 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Southern cone & S outer flank fissure

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Krasheninnikov.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Krasheninnikov.

Photo Gallery

Krasheninnikov is comprised of two overlapping edifices seen here from the north, with both cones topped by 800-m-wide craters. Construction of the northern cone (bottom) began about 6,500 years ago and eventually formed an inner cone within a 2-km-wide crater, the rim of which is visible to the left. The small inner cone of the northern crater was built during an eruption about 400 years ago which also produced a SW-flank lava flow.

Photo courtesy of Anatoli Khrenov, 1989 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

The 800-m-wide crater of the northern cone of Krasheninnikov is seen here looking west across the crater. An eruption 400 years ago formed the small Pauk cone within this crater, and also produced a lava flow from a vent on the upper SW flank of the southern cone (at left out of view).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

The northern (bottom) and southern (top) cones at the summit of Krasheninnikov were constructed within a 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera. The southern cone began forming about 11,000 years ago and the northern cone about 6,500 years ago; both have 800-m-wide craters. An eruption about 400 years ago produced the small Pauk cone within the northern crater (lower right).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky is seen here to the NE of the broad summit of Krasheninnikov in the foreground. The slopes of the largely Pleistocene Kronotsky contain deep erosional valleys and had weak phreatic eruptions during the 20th century. Krasheninnikov has been active throughout the Holocene.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky rises NE of the Kronotsky River, shown across the bottom of the photo. A small cone above the river to the right is one of several on the SW flank. The crater to the lower right is a lake-filled maar that formed at the northern end of a rift zone extending 8 km NNE from Krasheninnikov. The maar erupted along the NE flank of a large Pleistocene caldera inside which Krasheninnikov formed.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky, seen here from the SW, towers above extensively eroded pyroclastic flow deposits. These voluminous deposits were produced by Pleistocene explosive eruptions that resulted in formation of the Uzon and Krasheninnikov calderas. The initial caldera-forming eruption at Uzon dates back to the mid-Pleistocene. A younger caldera formed about 39,000 years ago and was followed shortly by formation of the Krasheninnikov caldera.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 1 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 116543-15	Dacite	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Krasheninnikov. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Krasheninnikov. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Krasheninnikov

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).