Global Volcanism Program

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Kronotsky.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Kronotsky.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Kronotsky.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Synonyms

Kronotzkaia Sopka | Kronotzky | Kronozky

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

300200

1923 CE

3,482 m / 11,424 ft

54.753°N
160.533°E

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano
Pyroclastic cone(s)

Rock Types

Major
Basalt / Picro-Basalt
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

0
12
1,323
3,531

Geological Summary

The symmetrical Kronotsky stratovolcano lies between the Pacific Ocean and Lake Kronotsky, Kamchatka's largest lake. The lake formed during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene when extensive lava flows on the south side of Kronotsky volcano dammed the Listvenichnaya River. The flanks of the massive volcano are dissected by radial valleys up to 200 m deep. A volcanic neck plugs the summit crater. Cinder cones are found on the north and primarily on the SE and SW flanks. Kronotsky lavas have been dominantly basaltic, with the exception of the small basaltic-andesite summit lava extrusion and a flank lava flow. Weak phreatic eruptions took place in the 20th century.

This volcano is located within the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage property.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Fedotov S A, Masurenkov Y P (eds), 1991. Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Moscow: Nauka Pub, 2 volumes.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Kozhemyaka N N, 1995. Active volcanoes of Kamchatka: types and growth time of cones, total volumes of erupted material, productivity, and composition of rocks. Volc Seism, 16: 581-594 (English translation).

Luchitsky I V (ed), 1974. History of the Development of Relief of Siberia and the Far East. Kamchatka, Kurile and Komander Islands. Moscow: Nauka Pub, 439 p (in Russian).

Vlodavetz V I, Piip B I, 1959. Kamchatka and Continental Areas of Asia. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 8: 1-110.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 3 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

1923 Feb Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

Summit and/or south flank (3150 m)

1923 Feb - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and/or south flank (3150 m)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion	Uncertain
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Flames
- - - -	- - - -	Audible Sounds
1923 Feb	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

1922 Nov Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption

South flank (3150 m)

1922 Nov - Unknown

Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at South flank (3150 m)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Phreatic activity
- - - -	- - - -	Volcanic "smoke"
1922 Nov	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

0050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption

0050 BCE (?) - Unknown

Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 1 Events for Episode 1

	Start Date	End Date	Event Type	Event Remarks
	- - - -	- - - -	Explosion

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Kronotsky.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Kronotsky.

Photo Gallery

Kronotsky is seen here to the NE of the broad summit of Krasheninnikov in the foreground. The slopes of the largely Pleistocene Kronotsky contain deep erosional valleys and had weak phreatic eruptions during the 20th century. Krasheninnikov has been active throughout the Holocene.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky is seen here beyond Lake Kronotskoye, Kamchatka's largest lake. The lake formed during the late-Pleistocene to early Holocene when a series of voluminous lava flows erupted from the south flank of Kronotsky, damming the Listvenichnaya River. The SE and SW flanks contain scoria cones, and weak phreatic eruptions took place during the 20th century.

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Kronotsky rises NE of the Kronotsky River, shown across the bottom of the photo. A small cone above the river to the right is one of several on the SW flank. The crater to the lower right is a lake-filled maar that formed at the northern end of a rift zone extending 8 km NNE from Krasheninnikov. The maar erupted along the NE flank of a large Pleistocene caldera inside which Krasheninnikov formed.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky stratovolcano Is located between the Pacific Ocean and Lake Kronotsky, Kamchatka's largest lake. The flanks are dissected by radial valleys up to 200 m deep. Weak phreatic eruptions took place during the 20th century. Kronotsky is seen here from the SW with the caldera rim of neighboring Krasheninnikov volcano in the foreground.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Kronotsky, seen here from the SW, towers above extensively eroded pyroclastic flow deposits. These voluminous deposits were produced by Pleistocene explosive eruptions that resulted in formation of the Uzon and Krasheninnikov calderas. The initial caldera-forming eruption at Uzon dates back to the mid-Pleistocene. A younger caldera formed about 39,000 years ago and was followed shortly by formation of the Krasheninnikov caldera.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

The flanks of Kronotsky contain radial erosional valleys up to 200 m deep. The summit, seen here from the north, consists of a basaltic-andesite lava extrusion. The conical, sharp-peaked volcano is one of the most distinctive in Kamchatka.

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

There are no samples for Kronotsky in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Kronotsky. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Kronotsky. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Kronotsky

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).