Global Volcanism Program

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Garibaldi.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Garibaldi.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Garibaldi.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Eanastick Meadow
Enostuck Meadow
Eonostuck Meadow

Vent

1160 m

49° 48' 0" N

123° 55' 0" W

Opal Cone

Cone

1740 m

49° 49' 0" N

122° 58' 0" W

Round Mountain

Vent

Domes

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Atwell Peak

Dome

2550 m

49° 51' 0" N

123° 0' 0" W

Columnar Peak

Dome

1830 m

49° 48' 0" N

123° 0' 0" W

Dalton Dome

Dome

2633 m

49° 51' 0" N

123° 0' 0" W

Glacier Pikes

Dome

2137 m

49° 52' 46" N

122° 58' 43" W

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

320200

8060 BCE

2,678 m / 8,786 ft

49.85°N
123°W

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Composite

Volcano Types
Stratovolcano
Lava dome(s)
Pyroclastic cone(s)

Rock Types

Major
Dacite
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

0
22
16,058
2,264,818

Geological Summary

Mount Garibaldi at the head of Howe Sound north of Vancouver is a Pleistocene dacitic stratovolcano capped by a lava dome complex. An initial period of volcanism 0.51-0.22 million years ago was followed after a period of quiescence by construction of a conical plug dome and breccia pile at the south summit, Atwell Peak. Retreat of the ice cap left the W flank unsupported, and it collapsed in a series of landslides, exposing the core of the volcano. Lava flows from Dalton Dome north of Atwell Peak subsequently flowed down the scarp. Subglacial flank centers such as Eanastick (Enostuck) Meadow, Glacier Pike, and Paul Ridge were also formed during the late Pleistocene. The final activity formed the Opal Cone on the SE flank and the lengthy Ring Creek lava flow, which filled a glaciated valley on the S flank during the early Holocene (Mathews, 1958; Brooks and Friele, 1992).

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Brooks G R, Friele P A, 1992. Bracketing ages for the formation of the Ring Creek lava flow, Mount Garibaldi volcanic field, southwestern British Columbia. Can J Earth Sci, 29: 2425-2428.

Green N L, 1981. Geology and petrology of Quaternary volcanic rocks, Garibaldi Lake area, southwestern British Columbia summary. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 92: 697-702.

Green N L, 1990. Late Cenozoic volcanism in the Mount Garibaldi and Garibaldi Lake volcanic fields, Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia. Geosci Can, 17: 171-174.

Green N L, Armstrong R L, Harakal J E, Souther J G, Read P B, 1988. Eruptive history and K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 100: 563-579.

Hickson C J, Edwards B R, 2001. Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards in Canada. In; Brooks G R (ed) A Synthesis of Geological Hazards in Canada, Geol Surv Can Bull, 548: 1-248.

Hickson C J, Soos A, Wright R, 1994. Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geol Surv Canada Open-File Rpt.

Hildreth W E, 2007. Quaternary magmatism in the Cascades--geologic perpectives. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1744: 1-125.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Mathews W H, 1958. Geology of the Mt. Garibaldi map-area, S.W. British Columbia. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 69: 186.

Wood C A, Kienle J (eds), 1990. Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ Press, 354 p.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 1 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

8060 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)

Episode 1 | Eruption

SE flank (Opal Cone)

8060 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown

Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SE flank (Opal Cone)

Start Date	End Date	Event Type
- - - -	- - - -	Explosion
- - - -	- - - -	Lava flow
- - - -	- - - -	Cinder Cone
8060 BCE ± 500 years	- - - -	VEI (Explosivity Index)

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Garibaldi.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Garibaldi.

Photo Gallery

Mount Garibaldi, rising above Garibaldi Lake to the north, is a largely Pleistocene stratovolcano with a summit lava dome complex. The volcano was partially constructed over the Cordilleran ice sheet and contains many ice-contact features. Its final eruptions during the early Holocene included lava flows that mantled the western landside scarp and a massive lava flow from Opal Cone, a SE flank vent, that traveled 20 km to the south and west.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

The Pleistocene Mount Garibaldi was partially constructed over the Cordilleran ice sheet. Its western face, seen from near Alice Lake, exposes the interior structure of the volcano and resulted from repeated landslides from the steep slope remaining from when the continental ice sheet retreated. The summit peak to the right is Atwell Peak and the rounded peak to the left is Dalton Dome, the source of some of Garibaldi's most recent eruptions.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1976 (Smithsonian Institution).

Mount Garibaldi rises above Howe Sound, 80 km N of Vancouver. The steep-sided peak on the right is the Squamish Chief, a glacially eroded peak of the Coast Range batholith. Garibaldi was constructed during the Pleistocene, partially overriding the Cordilleran ice sheet. Retreat of the ice sheet left the western side of the volcano unsupported, causing many landslides into the Cheakamus River valley.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1976 (Smithsonian Institution).

The Table, the flat-topped ridge in the foreground in front of Mount Garibaldi, is the southernmost vent of the Garibaldi Lake volcanic field. This is a tuya that formed when lava flows filled a pit melted through the continental ice sheet. A series of stacked horizontal lava flows filling the pit formed The Table.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Mount Garibaldi is to the left in the background. In the foreground are glacially eroded granitic rocks of the Coast Range Batholith that extend south to the Mount Seymour area in the foreground, immediately north of the city of Vancouver.

Photo by Lee Siebert (Smithsonian Institution).

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 2 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 116136-1	Alkalic Basalt	--	--
NMNH 116136-2	Hypersthene Andesite	--	--

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Garibaldi. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Garibaldi. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Garibaldi

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).