The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Hengill.
The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Hengill.
The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Hengill.
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Cones |
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| Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
| Asar | Shield volcano | 60 m | 63° 55' 0" N | 21° 24' 0" W |
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Burfell I Olfusi
Blaufdel |
Shield volcano | 200 m | 63° 55' 0" N | 21° 28' 0" W |
| Dimmadalshaedh | Shield volcano | 200 m | 63° 55' 0" N | 21° 25' 0" W |
| Sandey | Tuff cone | 174 m | 64° 11' 0" N | 21° 10' 0" W |
| Selvogsheidi | Shield volcano | 192 m | 63° 53' 0" N | 21° 35' 0" W |
Craters |
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| Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
| Eldborg undir Meitlum | Crater Row | 320 m | 63° 59' 0" N | 21° 25' 0" W |
| Eldborg-Thingvallavatn | Crater Row | 120 m | 64° 9' 0" N | 21° 12' 0" W |
| Gramelur | Crater Row | 140 m | 64° 8' 0" N | 21° 10' 0" W |
| Hagavikurhraun | Fissure vent | 64° 5' 0" N | 21° 13' 0" W | |
| Hveradalahraun | Crater Row | 64° 1' 0" N | 21° 24' 0" W | |
| Litlahraun | Crater Row | 63° 53' 0" N | 21° 30' 0" W | |
| Nesjahraun | Fissure vent | 140 m | 64° 9' 0" N | 21° 12' 0" W |
| Reykjafellsgigir | Crater Row | 64° 2' 0" N | 21° 22' 0" W | |
| Sandfellsgigir | Crater Row | 295 m | 63° 58' 0" N | 21° 28' 0" W |
| Skardsmyrarhraun | Crater Row | 390 m | 64° 2' 0" N | 21° 20' 0" W |
| Stangarhals | Fissure vent | 230 m | 64° 7' 0" N | 21° 14' 0" W |
| Tjarnahnukur | Crater Row | 520 m | 64° 5' 0" N | 21° 13' 0" W |
Thermal |
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| Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
| Hellisheidi | Thermal | |||
| Nesjavellir | Thermal | |||
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There is data available for 13 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
0150 ± 75 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Nesjahraun, Reykjafellshraun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0150 ± 75 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Nesjahraun, Reykjafellshraun
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0080 BCE ± 75 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Eldborg undir Meitlum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0080 BCE ± 75 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Eldborg undir Meitlum
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1730 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Thjófahraun | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1730 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
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List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Thjófahraun
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3250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Leitahraun, Ellidaárhraun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3250 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Leitahraun, Ellidaárhraun
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3750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Hagavikurhraun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3750 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Hagavikurhraun
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5000 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Eldborgir | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5000 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
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List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Eldborgir
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5550 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Stangarhals | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5550 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
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List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Stangarhals
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7100 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Gjabakkahraun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7100 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Gjabakkahraun
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7300 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Brunnar/Skogarkot | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7300 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
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List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Brunnar/Skogarkot
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7550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Selvogsheidi | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7550 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
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List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Selvogsheidi
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8200 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Hafnarhraun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8200 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Hafnarhraun
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8250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | Thingvallahraun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8250 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Thingvallahraun
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8350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
| Episode 1 | Eruption | SSW of Hengill (Hellisheid-A) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8350 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SSW of Hengill (Hellisheid-A)
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There is data available for 1 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
| Start Date: 1993 | Stop Date: 1998 | Direction: Variable (uplift / horizontal) | Method: GPS, InSAR |
| Magnitude: Unknown | Spatial Extent: Unknown | Latitude: Unknown | Longitude: Unknown |
Remarks: Uplift near the Hengill triple junction is associated with an earthquake swarm. | |||
 |
Observed interferograms of the Hengill area for four different time intervals. The time interval appears in the upper right corner of each panel; the orbit numbers appear at lower left; and the altitude of ambiguity ha appears at lower right. One fringe represents 28 mm of range change. Two concentric fringes are visible in the 4-year interferogram (d) indicating at least 6 cm of uplift between August 1993 and August 1997. From: Feigl et al. 2000. |
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Reference List: Feigl et al. 2000; Sigmundsson et al. 1997b.
Full References:
Feigl, K.L., Gasperi, J., Sigmundsson, F. and Rigo, A.,, 2000. Crustal deformation near Hengill volcano, Iceland 1993-1998: Coupling between magmatic activity and faulting inferred from elastic modeling of satellite radar interferograms. J. Geophys. Res., 105(B11), pp.25655-25670.
Sigmundsson, F., Einarsson, P., Rognvaldsson, S.T., Foulger, G.R., Hodgkinson, K.M. and Thorbergsson, G.,, 1997. The 1994-1995 seismicity and deformation at the Hengill triple junction, Iceland: Triggering of earthquakes by minor magma injection in a zone of horizontal shear stress. . J. Geophys. Res., 102(B7), pp.15151-15161.
There is no Emissions History data available for Hengill.
An aerial perspective of Thingvellir, the site of Iceland's historical outdoor parliament, shows the NE-SW-trending Almannagjá fissure cutting diagonally across the left side of the photo. Other prominent fissures cutting lavas of the Hengill volcanic system appear at the right. The Logberg, or law-hill (located at the lower left below the 30-40 m high Almannagja fissure) was the site where the laws of the country were proclaimed during the annual two-week-long parliamentary session in late June and early July.
The Hengill volcanic system, mostly located SW of Thingvallavatn lake, consists of a series of NE-SW-trending fissure vents, crater rows, and small shield volcanoes occupying a strongly faulted graben. This view looks NE from the margin of a graben containing Hengill lava at Thingvellir, the site of Iceland's old parliament. The latest eruption of the Hengill volcanic system was radiocarbon dated at about 1900 years before present. Geothermally heated greenhouses, hot springs, and geysers are found at Hveragerdi. 
An aerial view from the NE shows the Hengill central shield volcano on the center horizon rising above Thingvallavatn lake. Steam rises from the Nesjavallavirkjun geothermal area in front of the peak. NE-trending fault scarps extend into the lake. Holocene fissure-fed eruptions have occurred from vents both northeast and southwest of the Hengill central volcano, with fissures extending into the lake. Just out of the bottom of the picture (north) is an island where phreatomagmatic activity created a tephra ring called Sandey about 1,900 years ago.
The Hengill central volcano in the right background rises above Thingvallavatn lake as seen from Thingvellir, the historical site of the Icelandic parliament. Steam clouds rise from the Nesjavellir geothermal area in this view from the northeast. Graben structures in the foreground cut the Thingvallahraun lava flow in the foreground, which was erupted about 10,000 years ago. The cone in the lake on the left is Sandey, a tuff ring formed in a phreatomagmatic eruption about 1,900 years ago.Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
There are no samples for Hengill in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
| Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes (Link to Hengill) | The Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes is an interactive, web-based tool, containing information on volcanic systems that belong to the active volcanic zones of Iceland. It is a collaboration of the Icelandic Meteorological Office (the state volcano observatory), the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, and the Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police, with contributions from a large number of specialists in Iceland and elsewhere. This official publication is intended to serve as an accurate and up-to-date source of information about active volcanoes in Iceland and their characteristics. The Catalogue forms a part of an integrated volcanic risk assessment project in Iceland GOSVÁ (commenced in 2012), as well as being part of the effort of FUTUREVOLC (2012-2016) on establishing an Icelandic volcano supersite. |
| Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
| MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
| MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
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WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
| Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
| IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Hengill. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
| UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Hengill. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
| DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
| Large Eruptions of Hengill | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
| EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |
